ATI TEAS 7 Biology Review.
Macromolecules:
Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme
Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose
● Structural function: cellulose and chitin
● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids
Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water
● H and C and main components
● Fats
● Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments
● Store energy (fats, oils, adipose)
Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types)
● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein
● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes)
● Function as transport carries or signal transfer
Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
● DNA stores genetic material
● Chromosomes
● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA
Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions
● Not consumed in reaction
● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
● Exergonic: release energy
● Endergonic: require energy
● Energy is supplied and released as ATP
● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site)
DNA and RNA
DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to
produce proteins
● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA
● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
● Purines: Adenine and Guanine
● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
● Codon: A group of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino
acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION)
● Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent, weak.
o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine
● Double Helix structure
, ● Coded or read 5'→3'
● Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen
atoms)
DNA Replication
DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand
DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA
strands in 5'→3' direction
Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling
DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand
Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication
Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction
Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections
, o Anaphase
o Telophase
o Cytokinesis
● Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact
replica
o Interphase (G1, S,
G2)
o Prophase
o Metaphase
, Cell Cycle
● Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding
o Only happens in gametes*
o 1st phase
● chromosomes cross over
● genetic material exchanged
● tetrads of 4 chromatids formed
□ Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles
□2 cells go through 2nd cell division
□ 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes
● Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell
● Zygote- controls cell differentiation
Tissues
¾ groups of cells
¾ Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective
1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin
2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat,
blood, lymph
□Protects & binds body parts
a. Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support
i. Fibrous
b. Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones &
Macromolecules:
Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme
Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose
● Structural function: cellulose and chitin
● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids
Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water
● H and C and main components
● Fats
● Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments
● Store energy (fats, oils, adipose)
Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types)
● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein
● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes)
● Function as transport carries or signal transfer
Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
● DNA stores genetic material
● Chromosomes
● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA
Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions
● Not consumed in reaction
● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
● Exergonic: release energy
● Endergonic: require energy
● Energy is supplied and released as ATP
● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site)
DNA and RNA
DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to
produce proteins
● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA
● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
● Purines: Adenine and Guanine
● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
● Codon: A group of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino
acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION)
● Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent, weak.
o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine
● Double Helix structure
, ● Coded or read 5'→3'
● Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen
atoms)
DNA Replication
DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand
DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA
strands in 5'→3' direction
Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling
DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand
Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication
Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction
Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections
, o Anaphase
o Telophase
o Cytokinesis
● Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact
replica
o Interphase (G1, S,
G2)
o Prophase
o Metaphase
, Cell Cycle
● Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding
o Only happens in gametes*
o 1st phase
● chromosomes cross over
● genetic material exchanged
● tetrads of 4 chromatids formed
□ Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles
□2 cells go through 2nd cell division
□ 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes
● Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell
● Zygote- controls cell differentiation
Tissues
¾ groups of cells
¾ Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective
1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin
2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat,
blood, lymph
□Protects & binds body parts
a. Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support
i. Fibrous
b. Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones &
