UTMB Advanced Pathophysiology 5355 Module
6.1 Cardiovascular Latest Update 2025Questions
and Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed
Success
Normal function of Nitric Oxide - (ANSWERS)potent vasodilator, anti-
inflammatory and anti-thrombotic. Normally balanced with endothelin.
Normal function of Endothelin - (ANSWERS)Potent vasoconstrictor that raises
blood pressure. Normally balanced with Nitric oxide.
Cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)disease of the heart muscle, can be primary or
secondary
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)increase compliance in ventricle, higher
volumes but decreased contractility
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)usually inherited, heart muscle
enlarges and thickens without obvious cause
Restrictive cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)ventricles become stiff and rigid but
walls of heart do not thicken, ventricles do not relax and fill with normal blood
volume
Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)rare type, muscle tissue in R
ventricle is replaced with fatty/fibrous tissue causing arrhythmias
How does smoking contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease? -
(ANSWERS)Nicotine stimulates release of catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine) which are potent vasoconstrictors. Increases heart rate and blood
pressure, which increase cardiac workload . Cigarettes are associated with increase
LDL, decrease HDL, and contributes to vessel inflammation and thrombosis.
1/5
,UTMB Advanced Pathophysiology 5355 Module
6.1 Cardiovascular Latest Update 2025Questions
and Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed
Success
Generates free radicals. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease causes inflammation
and triggering of cytokines that increase protease activity and inhibit normal
endogenous antiproteases in lung.
RAAS and Cardiovascular System: - (ANSWERS)the renin angiotensin system
causes retention of sodium and water which causes an increase in blood pressure
C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease - (ANSWERS)an indirect
measure of inflammation related to atherosclerotic plaque. Homocysteine still lacks
enough research to follow this lab independently.
Myocardial remodeling - (ANSWERS)Described as myocyte loss of contractility
dysfunction related to hypertrophy and dilation of the ventricle.
This remodeling generally occurs slowly over time (months). It refers to the
structural and functional changes that occur in the heart post MI and any condition
with ischemia. Ventricular remodeling occurs from increased afterload due to
peripheral vasoconstriction (i.e., hypertension).
Cardiac repolarization - (ANSWERS)resting state of heart, ventricles relaxed
Cardiac depolarization - (ANSWERS)Depolarization occurs in the four chambers o
the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles- cardiac contraction
Atherosclerosis - (ANSWERS)Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that
begins with endothelial injury and progresses through several stages to become a
fibrotic plaque. Once a plaque has formed it can rupture, resulting in thrombosis an
2/5
6.1 Cardiovascular Latest Update 2025Questions
and Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed
Success
Normal function of Nitric Oxide - (ANSWERS)potent vasodilator, anti-
inflammatory and anti-thrombotic. Normally balanced with endothelin.
Normal function of Endothelin - (ANSWERS)Potent vasoconstrictor that raises
blood pressure. Normally balanced with Nitric oxide.
Cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)disease of the heart muscle, can be primary or
secondary
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)increase compliance in ventricle, higher
volumes but decreased contractility
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)usually inherited, heart muscle
enlarges and thickens without obvious cause
Restrictive cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)ventricles become stiff and rigid but
walls of heart do not thicken, ventricles do not relax and fill with normal blood
volume
Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy - (ANSWERS)rare type, muscle tissue in R
ventricle is replaced with fatty/fibrous tissue causing arrhythmias
How does smoking contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease? -
(ANSWERS)Nicotine stimulates release of catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine) which are potent vasoconstrictors. Increases heart rate and blood
pressure, which increase cardiac workload . Cigarettes are associated with increase
LDL, decrease HDL, and contributes to vessel inflammation and thrombosis.
1/5
,UTMB Advanced Pathophysiology 5355 Module
6.1 Cardiovascular Latest Update 2025Questions
and Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed
Success
Generates free radicals. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease causes inflammation
and triggering of cytokines that increase protease activity and inhibit normal
endogenous antiproteases in lung.
RAAS and Cardiovascular System: - (ANSWERS)the renin angiotensin system
causes retention of sodium and water which causes an increase in blood pressure
C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease - (ANSWERS)an indirect
measure of inflammation related to atherosclerotic plaque. Homocysteine still lacks
enough research to follow this lab independently.
Myocardial remodeling - (ANSWERS)Described as myocyte loss of contractility
dysfunction related to hypertrophy and dilation of the ventricle.
This remodeling generally occurs slowly over time (months). It refers to the
structural and functional changes that occur in the heart post MI and any condition
with ischemia. Ventricular remodeling occurs from increased afterload due to
peripheral vasoconstriction (i.e., hypertension).
Cardiac repolarization - (ANSWERS)resting state of heart, ventricles relaxed
Cardiac depolarization - (ANSWERS)Depolarization occurs in the four chambers o
the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles- cardiac contraction
Atherosclerosis - (ANSWERS)Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that
begins with endothelial injury and progresses through several stages to become a
fibrotic plaque. Once a plaque has formed it can rupture, resulting in thrombosis an
2/5
