HAP Chapter 1 Page 1
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
❖ Introduction
• Two branches of science—anatomy and physiology—provide the foundation for understanding the
body’s parts and functions.
➢ Anatomy-
e
• The word anatomy is derived from a Greek word (ana- = up; -tomy = process of cutting) is the
science of body structures and the relationships among them.
•
It was first studied by dissection ( dis- = apart; -section = act of cutting), the careful cutting apart of
body structures to study their relationships.
ot
➢ Physiology
• the word physiology derived from a Greek word (physio- = nature; -logy = study of) is the science of
how the body and its part work or function.
•
There are several branches of anatomy and physiology.
N
an
as
❖ Level of structural organisation in the huma body
1. Chemical level.
• This very basic level and includes atoms and molecule
• Certain atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium
H
• (Ca), and sulfur (S), are essential for maintaining life.
Two familiar molecules found in the body are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material
passed from one generation to the next, and glucose, commonly known as blood sugar.
2. Cellular level.
• Molecules combine to form cells,
• Cell is the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
• Eg- muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial cells.
3. Tissue level.
• Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a
• particular function.
There are four basic types of tissues in your body:
i) epithelial tissue,
ii) connective tissue,
iii) muscular tissue, and
iv) nervous tissue.
• Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
, Page 2
• Connective tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to
other tissues.
•
Muscular tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.
•
Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.
4. Organ level.
• At the organ level, different types of tissues are joined together.
e
• Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, they have
specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
•
Examples of organs are the stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain.
5. System level/organ sytem level
ot
• A system consists of related organs with a common function.
• An example of the system level, is the digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food. Its
organs include the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), oesophagus (food tube), stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
• Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system. The pancreas, for example, is part of both the
digestive system and the hormone-
N
producing endocrine system.
6. Organismal level - All the parts of the human
body functioning together constitute the total
organism.
❖ Eleven systems of human body
1. Integumentary system
an
2. Skeletal system
3. Muscular system
4. Nervous system
5. Endocrine system
6. Cardiovascular system
7. Lymphatic system
8. Respiratory system
9. Digestive system
as
10. Urinary system
11. Reproductive system
❖ Basic life processes
1. Metabolism-
• It is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
• It is of two types
H
i) catabolism the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler
components.
ii) anabolism the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller,
simpler components.
• For example, digestive processes catabolize (split) proteins into amino acids. These
amino acids are then used to anabolize (build) new proteins that make up body
structures such as muscles and bones.
2. Responsiveness(consciousness)
• It is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
• For example, an increase in body temperature during a fever represents a change in the internal
environment (within the body), and turning your head toward the sound of horn is a response to a
change in the external environment (outside the body) to prepare the body for a potential threat
3. Movement
• It includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside
cells.
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
❖ Introduction
• Two branches of science—anatomy and physiology—provide the foundation for understanding the
body’s parts and functions.
➢ Anatomy-
e
• The word anatomy is derived from a Greek word (ana- = up; -tomy = process of cutting) is the
science of body structures and the relationships among them.
•
It was first studied by dissection ( dis- = apart; -section = act of cutting), the careful cutting apart of
body structures to study their relationships.
ot
➢ Physiology
• the word physiology derived from a Greek word (physio- = nature; -logy = study of) is the science of
how the body and its part work or function.
•
There are several branches of anatomy and physiology.
N
an
as
❖ Level of structural organisation in the huma body
1. Chemical level.
• This very basic level and includes atoms and molecule
• Certain atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium
H
• (Ca), and sulfur (S), are essential for maintaining life.
Two familiar molecules found in the body are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material
passed from one generation to the next, and glucose, commonly known as blood sugar.
2. Cellular level.
• Molecules combine to form cells,
• Cell is the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
• Eg- muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial cells.
3. Tissue level.
• Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a
• particular function.
There are four basic types of tissues in your body:
i) epithelial tissue,
ii) connective tissue,
iii) muscular tissue, and
iv) nervous tissue.
• Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
, Page 2
• Connective tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to
other tissues.
•
Muscular tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.
•
Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.
4. Organ level.
• At the organ level, different types of tissues are joined together.
e
• Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, they have
specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
•
Examples of organs are the stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain.
5. System level/organ sytem level
ot
• A system consists of related organs with a common function.
• An example of the system level, is the digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food. Its
organs include the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), oesophagus (food tube), stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
• Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system. The pancreas, for example, is part of both the
digestive system and the hormone-
N
producing endocrine system.
6. Organismal level - All the parts of the human
body functioning together constitute the total
organism.
❖ Eleven systems of human body
1. Integumentary system
an
2. Skeletal system
3. Muscular system
4. Nervous system
5. Endocrine system
6. Cardiovascular system
7. Lymphatic system
8. Respiratory system
9. Digestive system
as
10. Urinary system
11. Reproductive system
❖ Basic life processes
1. Metabolism-
• It is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
• It is of two types
H
i) catabolism the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler
components.
ii) anabolism the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller,
simpler components.
• For example, digestive processes catabolize (split) proteins into amino acids. These
amino acids are then used to anabolize (build) new proteins that make up body
structures such as muscles and bones.
2. Responsiveness(consciousness)
• It is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
• For example, an increase in body temperature during a fever represents a change in the internal
environment (within the body), and turning your head toward the sound of horn is a response to a
change in the external environment (outside the body) to prepare the body for a potential threat
3. Movement
• It includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside
cells.
