NR 503 FINAL EXAM | CHAMBERLAIN FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED)

NR 503 FINAL EXAM | CHAMBERLAIN FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED) 1. Prostate Central Zone Correct Answer 25% glandular tissue, ejaculatory ducts that join with the prostatic urethral 2. Prostate Transitional Zone Correct Answer 5% glandular tissue, portion of prostatic urethra and transitional bladder cells. 3. Prostate peripheral zone Correct Answer 70% glandular tissue 4. Prostate luminal columnar cells Correct Answer Make prostatic fluid alkaline, nutrients for sperm, produce PSA to liquify semen after ejaculation. 5. Testosterone Correct Answer Androgen, male sex hormone and steroid, decreased production by 1% each year after 30 6. Dihydrotestosterone Correct Answer Produced in prostate, converted from testosterone by 5-alpha reductase, 10x more potent than testosterone, binds to androgen receptors longer 7. 5-alpha reductase Correct Answer Body increases production with age, so decreased testosterone levels can still make a lot of dihydrotestosterone. 8. Androgens Correct Answer Are steroids, cross cell membranes and inhibit apoptosis, allowing luminal and basal cells in prostate to keep growing and multiplying 9. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Correct Answer Non-cancerous growth/enlargement of the prostate gland. The enlarged prostate presses against the urethra, blocking the outflow of urine. Normal process of male aging. 10. Periurethral zone of prostate Correct Answer Smooth, elastic, firm nodules form in the inner portion of the gland, causing urinary retention and UTIs and bladder dilation with smooth muscle hypertrophy. 11. Symptoms of BPH Correct Answer Urethral obstruction, weak stream (dribbling), urinary strain, dysuria (pain), hesitancy in initiating stream, nocturia (sense of incomplete emptying). 12. prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Correct Answer Elevated in BPH due to increased #s of cells producing it, liquifies semen after ejaculation. 13. 5-alpha reductase inhibitor Correct Answer Ex: Finasteride/Proscar, BPH medication, inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, preventing overgrowth of prostate cells. 14. Alpha-1 antagonists Correct Answer Ex: Tamsulosin/Flowmax, binds to alpha-1 receptors on smooth muscle in neck of bladder, prostate, and urethra, allowing urine to pass in situations like BPH or renal calculi. 15. trans-urethral resection of the prostate (TURP) Correct Answer Surgical resection of urethral prostate to remove obstruction 16. Nephrolithiasis (renal calculi, urolithiasis) Correct Answer Solutes in urine precipitate out and crystalize in ureters, bladder, urethra, but most commonly in kidneys. 17. Urinary crystals Correct Answer Supersaturated solutes that precipitate to act as "nidus" or a place where more solutes can deposit and accumulate. Occurs from lack of solvent or increased solutes (dehydration). 18. Calcium oxylate calculi Correct Answer Majority of cases Black or dark brown color Radiopaque (shows on xray) Forms in acidic urine Increased oxalate excretion, defect in liver metabolism (genetic), or diet heavy in oxalate rich foods (rhubarb, spinach, chocolate, nuts, beer) Rx thiazide diuretics to excrete urinary calcium 19. Calcium Phosphate calculi Correct Answer Less common Dirty white color Radiopaque (shows on xray) Forms in alkaline urine Rx thiazide diuretics to excrete urinary calcium 20. Uric acid calculi Correct Answer Red/brown color Radioluscent (transparent on xray) Byproduct of purine metabolism (red meats, shellfish) Chemo releases purine in DNA Also cause gouty arthritis Rx potassium bicarb to increase urine pH, allopurinol