BIOD 151 FINAL EXAM STUDY NOTES EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED)

BIOD 151 FINAL EXAM STUDY NOTES EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED) Which muscle contracts to enable the main effort re- Gastrocnemius quired to stand on your toes? When Vastus Lateralis contracts, which bone is pulled anteriorly? Tibia List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity con- tains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver When flexor digitorum profundus contracts, what ac- Wrist flexion & Flexion of tion(s) occurs? digits 2-5 The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. F ATP is produced, not ADP Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of T a cell membrane. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring bio- False- This process is macromolecules inside the cell called endocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling mol- True ecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.( .False- Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy 10. You are observing two cells under the microscope. The larger cell. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one ap- As a cell expands the pears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which amount of surface area one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at relative to the volume of 12. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Oropharynx a slower rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why 11. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why? the cell decreases. The larger cell is less active because relative to its volume, its surface area is less than a smaller cell. In contrast, a larger surface area (relative to its volume) allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs. 13. Label the following five items from the diagram: Label B- ___________ Label D- __________ Label E- __________ Label F- __________ B - Oral Cavity D - Epiglottis E - Glottis F - Trachea G - Esophagus 14. 15. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers. Primary bronchi secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining. Label G- __________ 16. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the follow- 3. Stomach ing 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive credit for the intestines you must label the 7. Jejunum 4. Gallbladder 9. Appendix 10. Rectum 17. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own Parietal and chief cells are words. Answer the following essay question: wall and they secrete gas- Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their loca- crete hormones that regu- tion, secretions and purposes. located in the stomach tric juices and mucous, se- late digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase. The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins. 18. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the 1: Frontal bone/frontal sifigure below: 1: ____________ nuses 3: Maxilla 19. Label the bones in the figure below: A: ____________ B: ____________ C: ____________ D: ____________ A. Pisiform B. Hamate C. Capitate D. Trapezoid E. Trapezium E: _____________ 20. Label the following five muscles: B: _____________ C: _____________ E: _____________ B: Temporalis C: Orbicularis oculi E: Zygomaticus major 21. When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) oc- F. B&D curs? A. Elbow extension B. Wrist extension C. Extension of digit 1 D. Extension of digits 2-5 E. A&C F. B&D 22. Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their Yes, the textbook stated bloodstream? Explain why or why not. that both the male and female bodies produce "all" the sex hormones; howev- er, the ratios are different; also, the adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing this "opposite" hormone that the gonads of the person does not. 23. List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement ADH below: I promote the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts of the kidneys. 24. List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement Insulin below: I am secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. 25. 26. Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency? A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type (mechanoreceptor) When there is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary gland continues to produce TSH; so, the thyroid reacts by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine. A) Pacinian corpuscle B) Detects pressure Fibroblasts Produces collagen Keratinocytes Produces a protein to protect the skin Langerhans cells Assists in immune responses Melanocytes Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays Produces a protein to protect the skin Langerhans cells Assists in immune responses Keratinocytes Melanocytes Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays Other Incorrect Match Options: Detects pain Detects light touch What is the name and function of the structure below? Sebaceous gland (oil (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) gland) produces oil (se- bum) to protect the skin What is the study of the function of the human body? Physiology Epithelium is an example of what level of organization Tissue in the human body? What is the breakdown of nutrients? Catabolism List the four basic types of tissues. nective, and Nervous tissues. Epithelium, Muscle, Con- List the three layers of the skin in order from super- Epidermis (Outer Layer), ficial to deep. The most superficial layer of the skin Dermis (Middle Layer), should be at the top of your list. To receive credit the Hypodermis (Subcutalayers must be in this order. neous and Inner Layer) Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Catabolic hormone be- cause it is breaking down of a larger substance,