NURS 307 Final
Define family studies - answer analyze the occurrence of a disorder in first
degree relatives (biologic parents, siblings,
children)
Define twin studies - answer analyze the presence or absence of the disorder in pairs of
twins (identical,
fraternal)
Define concordance rate - answer similarity of occurrence
in individuals with similar genetic make-up
define adoption studies - answer compare the risk of illnesses
developing in children raised in different environments
define neuroplasticity - answer how function can be restored over time after brain
damage occurs or how individual may react over time to psychotherapy of continuous
pharmacotherapy regimen
define plasticity - answerthe ability of the brain to change its structure and function in
response to internal and external pressures
- nerve signals may be rerouted
- nerve tissues may be regenerated
describe structural neuroimaging - answer•Allows for visualization of the brain
Ex: CT, MRI
what are the common side effects caused by blocking muscarinic receptors? -
answer•Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and tachycardia
(anticholinergic)
describe dopamine - answer•Excitatory Neurotransmitter
•Involved in cognitive, motor & neuroendocrine functions
•Abnormal dopaminergic activity associated with schizophrenia
•Dopamine is also the neurotransmitter that stimulated the body's natural feel reward
pathways producing pleasure and euphoric sensation under certain conditions
•(Judgement, reasoning insight)
describe norepinephrine - answer•Widely distributed in the peripheral nervous system
•Excitatory neurotransmitters play a major role in mood states.
•Decreased NE associated with depression; increased NE associated with mania
,describe serotonin - answer•Involved in regulation of emotion, cognition, sensory
perceptions, sleep, and appetite.
•Involved in control of food intake, hormone secretion, sexual behaviour,
thermoregulation, and cardiovascular regulation.
describe histamine - answer•Recently identified as a neurotransmitter.
•Blocking produces side effects, such as sedation, weight gain, and hypotension.
what are the most prevalent neurotransmitters? - answeramino acids
T/F virtually all neurons in the CNS are activated by excitatory and inhibitory amino
acids - answertrue
what was the first MAO-i? - answeriproniazid
what are the four sites of action for meds? - answer-Receptors
-Ion channels
-Enzymes
-Carrier proteins
describe benzodiazepines - answer•Benzodiazepines are used as sedatives, hypnotics,
anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants
•diazepam (Valium); lorazepam (Ativan); triazolam (Halcion)
define potency - answer•Dose required to produce the desired biologic response
define efficacy - answer•Ability of a drug to produce a desired response
define toxicity - answer•refers to the point at which concentrations of the drug in the
bloodstream become harmful or poisonous to the body.
define high therapeutic index - answer-there is a wide range between dose at which the
drug begins to take effect and dose that would be considered toxic.
define pharmacokinetics - answer•How a drug moves throughout the body to get to its
target receptors and then is eliminated.
define bioavailability - answer•Amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation
unchanged
•Often used to compare one drug to another—usually the higher the bioavailability, the
better
which metabolic enzyme is most responsible for drug metabolism? - answerCytochrome
P-450
where is most metabolism carried out? - answerliver
, T/F psychiatric drugs must pass through the blood-brain barrier - answertrue
what factors affect distribution of a drug? - answer-Amount of blood flow or perfusion
within the tissue how lipophilic ("fat-loving") the drug is; plasma protein binding; and
anatomic barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, that the drug must cross
define half life - answer•refers to the time required for plasma concentrations of the drug
to be reduced by 50%.
describe SSRIs - answer- class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the
treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders
- believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by
inhibiting its re-uptake into the presynaptic cell
what are the phases of drug treatment? - answerinitiation, stabilization, maintenance
and discontinuation
•The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged is known as the
drug's__________________. - answer•Bioavailability
define positive symptoms - answer•Excess distortion of normal function
-Hallucination (mostly auditory)
-Delusions (disordered thoughts or speech)
-Paranoia
define negative symptoms - answer•A decrease or complete loss to emotional respond
to people and events.
-Decrease in speaking (alogia)
-Flat emotional levels
-Inappropriate social responses to normal social cues
which type of antipsychotic has less side effects - typical or atypical - answeratypical
antipsychotics (unconventional)
Define Extrapyramidal symptoms. - answerdrug-induced movement disorders such as.
akathisia (restlessness), parkinsonism & acute dystonia (involuntary muscle
contractions)
Define neuroleptic malignant syndrome - answeris a life-threatening idiosyncratic
reaction to antipsychotic drugs characterized by fever, altered mental status, muscle
rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction
- associated with virtually all neuroleptics, including newer atypical antipsychotics, as
well as a variety of other medications that affect central dopaminergic
neurotransmission
Define family studies - answer analyze the occurrence of a disorder in first
degree relatives (biologic parents, siblings,
children)
Define twin studies - answer analyze the presence or absence of the disorder in pairs of
twins (identical,
fraternal)
Define concordance rate - answer similarity of occurrence
in individuals with similar genetic make-up
define adoption studies - answer compare the risk of illnesses
developing in children raised in different environments
define neuroplasticity - answer how function can be restored over time after brain
damage occurs or how individual may react over time to psychotherapy of continuous
pharmacotherapy regimen
define plasticity - answerthe ability of the brain to change its structure and function in
response to internal and external pressures
- nerve signals may be rerouted
- nerve tissues may be regenerated
describe structural neuroimaging - answer•Allows for visualization of the brain
Ex: CT, MRI
what are the common side effects caused by blocking muscarinic receptors? -
answer•Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and tachycardia
(anticholinergic)
describe dopamine - answer•Excitatory Neurotransmitter
•Involved in cognitive, motor & neuroendocrine functions
•Abnormal dopaminergic activity associated with schizophrenia
•Dopamine is also the neurotransmitter that stimulated the body's natural feel reward
pathways producing pleasure and euphoric sensation under certain conditions
•(Judgement, reasoning insight)
describe norepinephrine - answer•Widely distributed in the peripheral nervous system
•Excitatory neurotransmitters play a major role in mood states.
•Decreased NE associated with depression; increased NE associated with mania
,describe serotonin - answer•Involved in regulation of emotion, cognition, sensory
perceptions, sleep, and appetite.
•Involved in control of food intake, hormone secretion, sexual behaviour,
thermoregulation, and cardiovascular regulation.
describe histamine - answer•Recently identified as a neurotransmitter.
•Blocking produces side effects, such as sedation, weight gain, and hypotension.
what are the most prevalent neurotransmitters? - answeramino acids
T/F virtually all neurons in the CNS are activated by excitatory and inhibitory amino
acids - answertrue
what was the first MAO-i? - answeriproniazid
what are the four sites of action for meds? - answer-Receptors
-Ion channels
-Enzymes
-Carrier proteins
describe benzodiazepines - answer•Benzodiazepines are used as sedatives, hypnotics,
anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants
•diazepam (Valium); lorazepam (Ativan); triazolam (Halcion)
define potency - answer•Dose required to produce the desired biologic response
define efficacy - answer•Ability of a drug to produce a desired response
define toxicity - answer•refers to the point at which concentrations of the drug in the
bloodstream become harmful or poisonous to the body.
define high therapeutic index - answer-there is a wide range between dose at which the
drug begins to take effect and dose that would be considered toxic.
define pharmacokinetics - answer•How a drug moves throughout the body to get to its
target receptors and then is eliminated.
define bioavailability - answer•Amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation
unchanged
•Often used to compare one drug to another—usually the higher the bioavailability, the
better
which metabolic enzyme is most responsible for drug metabolism? - answerCytochrome
P-450
where is most metabolism carried out? - answerliver
, T/F psychiatric drugs must pass through the blood-brain barrier - answertrue
what factors affect distribution of a drug? - answer-Amount of blood flow or perfusion
within the tissue how lipophilic ("fat-loving") the drug is; plasma protein binding; and
anatomic barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, that the drug must cross
define half life - answer•refers to the time required for plasma concentrations of the drug
to be reduced by 50%.
describe SSRIs - answer- class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the
treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders
- believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by
inhibiting its re-uptake into the presynaptic cell
what are the phases of drug treatment? - answerinitiation, stabilization, maintenance
and discontinuation
•The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged is known as the
drug's__________________. - answer•Bioavailability
define positive symptoms - answer•Excess distortion of normal function
-Hallucination (mostly auditory)
-Delusions (disordered thoughts or speech)
-Paranoia
define negative symptoms - answer•A decrease or complete loss to emotional respond
to people and events.
-Decrease in speaking (alogia)
-Flat emotional levels
-Inappropriate social responses to normal social cues
which type of antipsychotic has less side effects - typical or atypical - answeratypical
antipsychotics (unconventional)
Define Extrapyramidal symptoms. - answerdrug-induced movement disorders such as.
akathisia (restlessness), parkinsonism & acute dystonia (involuntary muscle
contractions)
Define neuroleptic malignant syndrome - answeris a life-threatening idiosyncratic
reaction to antipsychotic drugs characterized by fever, altered mental status, muscle
rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction
- associated with virtually all neuroleptics, including newer atypical antipsychotics, as
well as a variety of other medications that affect central dopaminergic
neurotransmission
