NBEO EXAM 2025/2026 WITH 100% ACCURATE
ANSWERS
1. What is the perceived brightness of a gray spot on a white background
compared to a gray spot on a black background in normal vision?
The gray spot on the black background is brighter
The gray spot on the white background is darker
The gray spots on each background are equally bright
The gray spot on the white background is brighter
2. The Ferry-Porter law is a relationship between which two quantities?
Stimulus area and CFF
Peripheral versus foveal CFF
Retinal illuminance and critical flicker frequency (CFF)
Stimulus duration and illuminance
3. If the vertical corneal meridian has the steepest curvature, then the
astigmatism is called:
irregular
against the rule
oblique
with the rule
regular
,4. Describe how the inheritance pattern of color vision defects can affect the
likelihood of a daughter being color defective.
Color vision defects are autosomal dominant, so a daughter will
always inherit the defect if one parent has it.
Color vision defects are only inherited from the mother, so the
father’s condition does not affect the daughter.
Color vision defects are inherited equally from both parents, so the
daughter's risk is independent of their conditions.
Color vision defects are often X-linked, meaning a daughter can
inherit the defect if her father has it or if her mother is a carrier.
5. If the 21-year-old patient with uncorrected simply hyperopic astigmatism
develops strabismus, what would be the most appropriate initial
management strategy?
Prescribe vision therapy exercises.
Monitor the condition without intervention.
Correct the refractive error with glasses or contact lenses.
Surgical intervention to realign the eyes.
6. Describe the relationship between idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease
and its extraintestinal manifestations.
Pulmonary infections are a primary symptom of idiopathic
inflammatory bowel disease.
Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease can lead to various
extraintestinal manifestations, including arthritis, hepatic disease,
and ocular inflammation, but pulmonary infections are not
typically associated.
, Extraintestinal manifestations are only related to gastrointestinal
symptoms.
All patients with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease will
experience pulmonary infections.
7. Which of the following is a Gram-negative organism?
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
8. A diabetic patient presents with worsening vision and fluctuating refractive
errors. If their serum glucose levels are elevated, which refractive condition
should the clinician anticipate may be exacerbated?
Hyperopia
Anisometropia
Astigmatism
Myopia
9. In a clinical scenario, if a patient initially has a lens of -1.00 -1.75 x 090 and
the cylindrical power is adjusted to -0.50 x 090, what should the new
spherical power be to maintain optimal vision correction?
-0.75 DS
-1.50 DS
-1.25 DS
-1.00 DS
, 10. Which of the following organisms is gram-negative?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium perfringens
Listeria monocytogenes
Bacillus anthracis
11. Describe how changes in the crystalline lens impact vision in elderly
patients, particularly in bright light conditions like a sunset.
Dark adaptation is enhanced, allowing better vision in bright light.
Changes in the crystalline lens lead to decreased clarity and
increased glare sensitivity, affecting vision in bright light.
Changes in the tear film cause dryness, which does not significantly
affect vision in bright light.
Pupil size changes allow more light in, improving vision in bright
conditions.
12. A 71-year-old monocular low vision patient has a distance correction of
+3.00 DS. Through a single +5.50 DS lens in the trial frame, he can barely
read 2M print at 40 cm. What is the SMALLEST print you should expect him
to barely read at a distance of 20 cm, through a total lens power of +8.00
DS in the trial frame?
0.6M
1.0M
2.0M
4.0M
ANSWERS
1. What is the perceived brightness of a gray spot on a white background
compared to a gray spot on a black background in normal vision?
The gray spot on the black background is brighter
The gray spot on the white background is darker
The gray spots on each background are equally bright
The gray spot on the white background is brighter
2. The Ferry-Porter law is a relationship between which two quantities?
Stimulus area and CFF
Peripheral versus foveal CFF
Retinal illuminance and critical flicker frequency (CFF)
Stimulus duration and illuminance
3. If the vertical corneal meridian has the steepest curvature, then the
astigmatism is called:
irregular
against the rule
oblique
with the rule
regular
,4. Describe how the inheritance pattern of color vision defects can affect the
likelihood of a daughter being color defective.
Color vision defects are autosomal dominant, so a daughter will
always inherit the defect if one parent has it.
Color vision defects are only inherited from the mother, so the
father’s condition does not affect the daughter.
Color vision defects are inherited equally from both parents, so the
daughter's risk is independent of their conditions.
Color vision defects are often X-linked, meaning a daughter can
inherit the defect if her father has it or if her mother is a carrier.
5. If the 21-year-old patient with uncorrected simply hyperopic astigmatism
develops strabismus, what would be the most appropriate initial
management strategy?
Prescribe vision therapy exercises.
Monitor the condition without intervention.
Correct the refractive error with glasses or contact lenses.
Surgical intervention to realign the eyes.
6. Describe the relationship between idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease
and its extraintestinal manifestations.
Pulmonary infections are a primary symptom of idiopathic
inflammatory bowel disease.
Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease can lead to various
extraintestinal manifestations, including arthritis, hepatic disease,
and ocular inflammation, but pulmonary infections are not
typically associated.
, Extraintestinal manifestations are only related to gastrointestinal
symptoms.
All patients with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease will
experience pulmonary infections.
7. Which of the following is a Gram-negative organism?
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
8. A diabetic patient presents with worsening vision and fluctuating refractive
errors. If their serum glucose levels are elevated, which refractive condition
should the clinician anticipate may be exacerbated?
Hyperopia
Anisometropia
Astigmatism
Myopia
9. In a clinical scenario, if a patient initially has a lens of -1.00 -1.75 x 090 and
the cylindrical power is adjusted to -0.50 x 090, what should the new
spherical power be to maintain optimal vision correction?
-0.75 DS
-1.50 DS
-1.25 DS
-1.00 DS
, 10. Which of the following organisms is gram-negative?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium perfringens
Listeria monocytogenes
Bacillus anthracis
11. Describe how changes in the crystalline lens impact vision in elderly
patients, particularly in bright light conditions like a sunset.
Dark adaptation is enhanced, allowing better vision in bright light.
Changes in the crystalline lens lead to decreased clarity and
increased glare sensitivity, affecting vision in bright light.
Changes in the tear film cause dryness, which does not significantly
affect vision in bright light.
Pupil size changes allow more light in, improving vision in bright
conditions.
12. A 71-year-old monocular low vision patient has a distance correction of
+3.00 DS. Through a single +5.50 DS lens in the trial frame, he can barely
read 2M print at 40 cm. What is the SMALLEST print you should expect him
to barely read at a distance of 20 cm, through a total lens power of +8.00
DS in the trial frame?
0.6M
1.0M
2.0M
4.0M
