NR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED)

NR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED) 1. Benign tumors Correct Answer Do not spread Have capsules to keep them contained Not life threatening Once removed usually problem resolves Non-cancerous Slow growth Localized, typically remain confined to one area and don't invade surrounding tissues Smooth and regular shape 2. Malignant tumors Correct Answer Cancerous Invasive: spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system Metastasis: cancer cells can break off and travel to new sites forming new tumors Rapid and uncontrollable growth 3. Warning signs of cancer Correct Answer Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body Change in bowel or bladder habits (e.g. prolonged diarrhea or discomfort) Unintentional weight loss A change in wart or mole (i.e. color, size, or shape) A sore that does not heal Unexplained weight loss Anemia or low hemoglobin, and persistent fatigue Persistent cough or hoarseness without reason A solid lump, often painless, in the breast or testes or anywhere on the body 4. Atrophy Correct Answer Decrease in the size of cells Result in reduced tissue mass Ex: bedridden patients 5. Hypertrophy Correct Answer Increase in cell size Results in enlarged tissue mass Ex: cardiomegaly 6. Hyperplasia Correct Answer Increased number of cells Results in enlarged tissue mass Ex: breast enlargement during pregnancy 7. Metaplasia Correct Answer Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Lots a cell or tissue due to injury, need a new cell to replace that area, a new mature cell will come and help heal Ex: cells in smokers lungs die and are replaced with more tolerance cells 8. Dysplasia Correct Answer Similar to metaplasia but the cells will not be the same Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue Example: cut on the hand causes scar tissue, off colored compared to reset of skin, the off colored part will be dysplasia ex: scars 9. Anaplasia Correct Answer Any kind of tumor, all general tumors Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structure Can be benign or other kinds 10. Neoplasia Correct Answer "New growth" - commonly called tumor These are cancer cells 11. Stress Correct Answer the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging 12. stressors Correct Answer Factor that creates significant change in body function Can be anything- people, things, disease, etc. 13. Consequences of prolonged stress Correct Answer Increased wear and tear on tissues Exhaustion of resources Exacerbation of chronic conditions 14. Immediate stress symptoms Correct Answer High blood pressure, anorexia, chest pain, headache, syncope, panic attacks, anxiety attacks, etc. 15. Long term stress symptoms Correct Answer Cardiovascular issues, stroke, exhaustion, depression, anxiety, lower immunity, obesity, hormone imbalances, insomnia 16. Eustress Correct Answer positive stress, which results from motivating strivings and challenges 17. Distress Correct Answer negative stress, causes negative physiological responses 18. Technostress Correct Answer stress that results from the use of information and communication technologies 19. Affects of prolonged/severe stress Correct Answer Renal failure, stress ulcers, infection, slowed healing, PTSD, if stress is not solved, the person will die 20. Causes of inflammation Correct Answer direct physical damage (cut, sprain), chemicals (acid, drain cleaner), ischemia, infarction, allergic reactions, extreme heat or cold, foreign bodies 21. Steps of inflammation Correct Answer 1. Release of bradykinin from injured cells 2. Activation of pain receptors by bradykinin 3. Mast cells and basophils release histamine 4. Capillary dilation (bradykinin and histamine) 5. Increased blood flow and capillary permeability 6. Bacteria may enter the tissue 7. Neutrophil and monocytes come to injury site 8. Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria 9. Macrophages leave bloodstream for phagocytosis of microbes 22. Local effects of imflammation Correct Answer Redness and warmth, edema, pain, and loss of function 23. Chronic inflammation Correct Answer Follows acute episodes of inflammation Less swelling and exudate Presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts Continued tissue destruction More fibrous scar tissue Granuloma may develop around foreign object 24. Incubation period Correct Answer Time between entry of organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease Varies considerably with different organisms 25. Prodromal period Correct Answer Fatigue, loss of appetite, headache Nonspecific - "coming down with something" More evident in some infections than others 26. Acute period Correct Answer Infectious disease develops fully 27. Local signs and symptoms of infection Correct Answer Pain, swelling, redness, warmth If bacterial - purulent exudate If viral - serous, clear exudate 28. Systemic signs of infection Correct Answer Fever may be present Fatigue and weakness Headache Nausea