NR 546 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED)

NR 546 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED) 1. Gray Matter Correct Answer The cerebellum, cerebrum, brain stem, and butterfly-shaped portion of the central spinal cord are comprised of gray matter which contains neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites, and all nerve synapses. It is the working area of the brain and the focus of psychiatry and neurology. Gray matter is associated with learning. Changes in the gray matter are linked to psychiatric diagnoses including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. 2. White Matter Correct Answer White matter contains nerve fibers that connect neurons from different regions into functional circuits. The myelin that coats neuronal axons is necessary for electrical impulse transmission. Think of the white matter as a transit system. If there are breaks in the system, then people cannot get to their destinations. Within the brain, these breaks affect neural communication, affecting behavior. Damage to the myelin can impair transmission which can impact not only sensory and motor function, but also cognition. White matter abnormalities are associated with autism and vascular dementia. 3. Frontal lobes Correct Answer The frontal lobes are associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking, the ability to organize, personality, behavior, and emotional control. Traumatic brain injuries can result in personality changes, difficulty controlling emotions, and other cognitive functions. 4. Parietal lobe Correct Answer The middle part of the brain, responsible for proprioception, is the home of the somatic senses. This part of the brain helps a person to identify spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch in the body, and identify and give meaning to objects. Damage to the anterior portion of the parietal lobe may cause asterogenesis, the loss of ability to recognize objects via the sense of touch. This may be experienced by patients with post cerebral vascular accidents. 5. Temporal lobe Correct Answer The temporal lobe is located on the side of the brain and involved in short-term memory, speech, auditory signals, and smell recognition. It identifies "what" things are - object identification. It contains the limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus. There are multiple pathways within the temporal lobe which affect object identification and language comprehension, including the ability to understand semantics. A dominant temporal lobe lesion can present as Wernicke's aphasia. Temporal lobe disorders include dementia, affective disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). 6. Occipital lobe Correct Answer This is the back part of the brain and controls visual processing. Damage to this lobe results in the inability to form visual memories. Bilateral lobe damage results in the inability to recognize items by sight even though vision is normal. Occipital lobe seizures can cause hallucinations, such as lines of color. 7. Central sulcus Correct Answer This separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. 8. Corpus callosum Correct Answer This controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres. The corpus callosum is involved in attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation. It integrates impulses from both sides of the brain. It is said that Albert Einstein had a very large corpus callosu. Persons with an underdeveloped or missing corpus collosum may have intellectual impairment. 9. Hippocampus Correct Answer This is located deep in the temporal lobes and is involved in anxiety and memory, and shifting short-term to long-term memory. Hippocampal function is impaired in schizophrenia and dementia. There is ongoing research into the role the hippocampus plays in anxiety and decision making. 10. Amygdala Correct Answer This is located deep in the temporal lobes and involved in emotional regulation and perception of odors. All smells travel directly to the amygdala. Cooking smells can elicit memories of childhood events and holidays. A traumatic event can result in the formation of the fear response, causing the fight or flight reflex within the autonomic nervous system and affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis causing the release of stress hormones (e.g. cortisol). The amygdala also is involved in the interpretation of facial expressions and sexual stimuli. 11. Thalamus Correct Answer This is an egg-shaped structure involved in sensory organ and motor command processing. All sensory systems except for the olfaction process through the thalamus, which is responsible for processing all external information. The thalamus has been associated with symptoms related to schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 12. Basal ganglia Correct Answer A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements, cognition, and emotion. Basal ganglia movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome. The striatum is a group of structures that includes the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. The dorsal striatum contains the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The ventral striatum contains the nucleus accumbens. Both are involved in facilitating voluntary movement. 13. Dorsal striatum Correct Answer This is involved in complex motor actions and linkage of cognition to motor actions. It is the main input area for the basal ganglia and is activated when anticipating or engaging in pleasure. 14. Nucleus accumbens Correct Answer This is involved in the reward circuit and reinforces addictive behaviors. 15. Limbic system Correct Answer This is associated with pleasure, reward, and reinforcing behavior. Drug abuse affects the limbic system, disrupting emotions and feelings associated with normal behavior. 16. Function of Central sulcus Correct Answer Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe 17. Function of prefrontal cortex Correct Answer Associated with executive function 18. Function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) Correct Answer is concerned with higher level functioning 19. Function of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) Correct Answer is involved with motor inhibition 20. Function of Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) Correct Answer contains Broca's area which is associated with speech production understanding grammar. 21. Function of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) Correct Answer involved in decision making and social behavior with a focus on punishment and rewards. inhibits and activates the amygdala and is activated when a risk assessment is required. Some behaviors associated with this region include sex, sugar, pain, social humiliation, money, rewards, fame, and aggression. The amygdala will identify a threat and then this region will determine the risk or benefit of an action based on past experience. 22. Function of Frontal Lobe Correct Answer Associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking. etc. 23. Function of Broca's area Correct Answer Speech 24. Function of temporal lobe Correct Answer Involves object identification and auditory signals 25. Function of Cerebellum Correct Answer coordination 26. Function of Wernicke's area Correct Answer Speech comprehension 27. Function of Occipital lobe Correct Answer Primary visual area 28. Function of parietal lobe Correct Answer keeps us alert to what is going on around us 29. Function of sensory cortex Correct Answer pain, heat, and other sensations 30. Function of motor cortex Correct Answer movement 31. Function of Hippocampus Correct Answer Involved in both memory and anxiety. Associated with long term memory.