Principles of Radiographic Imaging
Exam with Accurate Solutions
Because without either high-quality images and service could not be given. - ANSWER-
Why are quality assurance and quality control so important?
Identification of imaging requirements, Development of Equipment Selections, Selection
of Equipment, INstallation and Acceptance testing of equipment, Continuing Education -
ANSWER-What factors should be considered when making equipment purchasing
decisions?
Dark room fog test, and processor sensitometry - ANSWER-How should film processing
systems be monitored?
Semiannually - ANSWER-How often should tests be performed on diagnostic
radiographic systems?
Kilovoltage accuracy, Timer accuracy, mR/mA linearity, Exposure reproducibility -
ANSWER-What tests should be performed routinely on the x-ray generator?
Exposure reproducibility, Ion chamber sensitivity, IR exposure, Response Capability,
Backup timer verification, Digital radiography detectors - ANSWER-What tests should
be performed routinely on automatic exposure controls?
Detective quantum efficiency - ANSWER-What tests should be performed routinely on
digital radiography detectors?
They can reduce patient dose, supply cost, and radiographer time and effort. -
ANSWER-Why are repeat-image studies a valuable part of quality assurance?
What is the pyramid problem? - ANSWER-Acceptable images depend on many factors.
If any of the factors are off, it can cause a problem in various other factors, thus a
pyramid effect of problems is the result.
Narrowing the Search Field, Hypothesis Activation, Information Seeking, Hypothesis
Evaluation - ANSWER-What are the four steps in the diagnostic problem-solving
strategy?
Cues focus attention on a suspicious area. - ANSWER-What is the purpose of a cue in
narrowing the search?
,When the radiographer, radiologist, supervisor, or other physician determines the image
is not acceptable. - ANSWER-When is an image determined to be outside acceptance
limits?
Because these errors are more acceptable than underexposure mistakes. - ANSWER-
Why are acceptance limit curves skewed to the dark side?
A misrepresentation of the size or shape of the structures being examined - ANSWER-
What is distortion?
Size distortion is magnification, shape distortion is angulation - ANSWER-What is the
difference between size and shape distortion?
If the SID is reduced and the OID is increased, distortion and thus magnification is
present - ANSWER-How do the SID and the OID affect size distortion?
M = SID/SOD - ANSWER-What is the magnification factor formula?
Elongation projects objects so they appear longer, foreshortening projects it to look look
shorter - ANSWER-What is the difference between elongation and foreshortening?
If the part is not parallel to the image receptor you will halve increased shape distortion -
ANSWER-How does the alignment of the anatomical part affect shape distortion?
If there is an unusual angulation or a part that doesn't match with a diagnostic image the
shape distortion is increased. - ANSWER-How do the direction and degree of
angulation affect shape distortion?
Tangential calcaneus - ANSWER-How can shape distortion be used to advantage?
The degree of geometric sharpness or accuracy of structural lines actually recorded in
the image. - ANSWER-What is recorded detail?
Line pairs per millimeter or cycles per mm - ANSWER-How is resolution measured?
Increases SID improves recorded detail and decreasing OID improves recorded detail -
ANSWER-How do the SID and the OID affect recorded detail?
As the focal spot decreases in size, penumbra decreases, thus increasing resolution. -
ANSWER-What is the relationship between focal spot size and recorded detail?
Umbra is the distinctly sharp area, the penumbra is the imperfect unsharp shadow
surrounding the umbra - ANSWER-What is the difference between umbra and
penumbra?
, Phosphor size, phosphor layer thickness, and phosphor concentration - ANSWER-What
three factors affect the resolving power of intensifying screens?
Voluntary motion is under direct control of the patient, involuntary motion is not under
conscious control of the patient. - ANSWER-What is the difference between voluntary
and involuntary motion?
Communication, exposure time, immobilization - ANSWER-What are the methods that
can be used to reduce the possibility of motion?
One of the properties that comprise visibility of detail; the differences between adjacent
densities - ANSWER-Define contrast
High-contrast are dark and give less information, low contrast is lighter and provides
more information. - ANSWER-How do high-contrast images differ from low-contrast
images?
Physical is total range of density/IR exposure values record erend by the image
receptor, visible is the total range of density/IR exposure values that can be perceived
by the human eye. - ANSWER-What is the difference between physical and visible
contrast?
Image receptor contrast is affected by intensifying screens, film density, developer
factors, histogram and LUT. Subject contrast is affected by kilovoltage and amount and
type of irradiated material - ANSWER-What factors affect image receptor contrast and
subject contrast?
If there is poor density/IR exposure then there is poor image receptor contrast. -
ANSWER-How does density/IR exposure affect image receptor contrast?
KVp, indirectly, high kVp= low contrast, low kVp= high contrast - ANSWER-What is the
controlling factor of subject contrast and how does it affect it?
As the part size increases and thickness increases, contrast decreases. - ANSWER-
How do variations in the anatomical part affect contrast?
Grids improve contrast by removing or reducing scatter radiation - ANSWER-What is
the effect of a grid on contrast?
They set the range of information that will be supplied to the monitor - ANSWER-How
do the histogram and LUT affect display contrast?
One of the two photographic properties that comprise visibility of detail - ANSWER-
Define density/IR exposure?
Exam with Accurate Solutions
Because without either high-quality images and service could not be given. - ANSWER-
Why are quality assurance and quality control so important?
Identification of imaging requirements, Development of Equipment Selections, Selection
of Equipment, INstallation and Acceptance testing of equipment, Continuing Education -
ANSWER-What factors should be considered when making equipment purchasing
decisions?
Dark room fog test, and processor sensitometry - ANSWER-How should film processing
systems be monitored?
Semiannually - ANSWER-How often should tests be performed on diagnostic
radiographic systems?
Kilovoltage accuracy, Timer accuracy, mR/mA linearity, Exposure reproducibility -
ANSWER-What tests should be performed routinely on the x-ray generator?
Exposure reproducibility, Ion chamber sensitivity, IR exposure, Response Capability,
Backup timer verification, Digital radiography detectors - ANSWER-What tests should
be performed routinely on automatic exposure controls?
Detective quantum efficiency - ANSWER-What tests should be performed routinely on
digital radiography detectors?
They can reduce patient dose, supply cost, and radiographer time and effort. -
ANSWER-Why are repeat-image studies a valuable part of quality assurance?
What is the pyramid problem? - ANSWER-Acceptable images depend on many factors.
If any of the factors are off, it can cause a problem in various other factors, thus a
pyramid effect of problems is the result.
Narrowing the Search Field, Hypothesis Activation, Information Seeking, Hypothesis
Evaluation - ANSWER-What are the four steps in the diagnostic problem-solving
strategy?
Cues focus attention on a suspicious area. - ANSWER-What is the purpose of a cue in
narrowing the search?
,When the radiographer, radiologist, supervisor, or other physician determines the image
is not acceptable. - ANSWER-When is an image determined to be outside acceptance
limits?
Because these errors are more acceptable than underexposure mistakes. - ANSWER-
Why are acceptance limit curves skewed to the dark side?
A misrepresentation of the size or shape of the structures being examined - ANSWER-
What is distortion?
Size distortion is magnification, shape distortion is angulation - ANSWER-What is the
difference between size and shape distortion?
If the SID is reduced and the OID is increased, distortion and thus magnification is
present - ANSWER-How do the SID and the OID affect size distortion?
M = SID/SOD - ANSWER-What is the magnification factor formula?
Elongation projects objects so they appear longer, foreshortening projects it to look look
shorter - ANSWER-What is the difference between elongation and foreshortening?
If the part is not parallel to the image receptor you will halve increased shape distortion -
ANSWER-How does the alignment of the anatomical part affect shape distortion?
If there is an unusual angulation or a part that doesn't match with a diagnostic image the
shape distortion is increased. - ANSWER-How do the direction and degree of
angulation affect shape distortion?
Tangential calcaneus - ANSWER-How can shape distortion be used to advantage?
The degree of geometric sharpness or accuracy of structural lines actually recorded in
the image. - ANSWER-What is recorded detail?
Line pairs per millimeter or cycles per mm - ANSWER-How is resolution measured?
Increases SID improves recorded detail and decreasing OID improves recorded detail -
ANSWER-How do the SID and the OID affect recorded detail?
As the focal spot decreases in size, penumbra decreases, thus increasing resolution. -
ANSWER-What is the relationship between focal spot size and recorded detail?
Umbra is the distinctly sharp area, the penumbra is the imperfect unsharp shadow
surrounding the umbra - ANSWER-What is the difference between umbra and
penumbra?
, Phosphor size, phosphor layer thickness, and phosphor concentration - ANSWER-What
three factors affect the resolving power of intensifying screens?
Voluntary motion is under direct control of the patient, involuntary motion is not under
conscious control of the patient. - ANSWER-What is the difference between voluntary
and involuntary motion?
Communication, exposure time, immobilization - ANSWER-What are the methods that
can be used to reduce the possibility of motion?
One of the properties that comprise visibility of detail; the differences between adjacent
densities - ANSWER-Define contrast
High-contrast are dark and give less information, low contrast is lighter and provides
more information. - ANSWER-How do high-contrast images differ from low-contrast
images?
Physical is total range of density/IR exposure values record erend by the image
receptor, visible is the total range of density/IR exposure values that can be perceived
by the human eye. - ANSWER-What is the difference between physical and visible
contrast?
Image receptor contrast is affected by intensifying screens, film density, developer
factors, histogram and LUT. Subject contrast is affected by kilovoltage and amount and
type of irradiated material - ANSWER-What factors affect image receptor contrast and
subject contrast?
If there is poor density/IR exposure then there is poor image receptor contrast. -
ANSWER-How does density/IR exposure affect image receptor contrast?
KVp, indirectly, high kVp= low contrast, low kVp= high contrast - ANSWER-What is the
controlling factor of subject contrast and how does it affect it?
As the part size increases and thickness increases, contrast decreases. - ANSWER-
How do variations in the anatomical part affect contrast?
Grids improve contrast by removing or reducing scatter radiation - ANSWER-What is
the effect of a grid on contrast?
They set the range of information that will be supplied to the monitor - ANSWER-How
do the histogram and LUT affect display contrast?
One of the two photographic properties that comprise visibility of detail - ANSWER-
Define density/IR exposure?
