BIOL 1107 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE CH.
1-3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three domains of life? - ANSWER-Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Archaea (prokaryotes)
Eukarya (eukaryotes)
What are the levels of hierarchical organization within the biological world? -
ANSWER-- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
or
- Cells
- Organisms
- Populations
- Communities
- Ecosystems
- Biosphere
Inductive Logic - ANSWER-Inductive logic uses observations or facts to develop a
tentative answer or hypothesis. Data from multiple experiments or observations can
lead to a general conclusion (the hypothesis)
e.g. If every breed of dog you see has hair, then all dogs must have hair
Deductive Logic - ANSWER-Deductive logic is used to predict what facts would also
have to be true to be compatible with the hypothesis.
Uses a statement that is believed to be true to make specific predictions
e.g. If all mammals, by definition, have hair, and you find an animal without hair, you
could deduce that it is not a mammal.
What is a hypothesis? - ANSWER-A tentative answer to a questions from which
testable predictions can be generated.
Steps of the Scientific Method - ANSWER-1. Making observations
2. Asking questions
3. Forming hypotheses, or tentative answers
4. Making predictions based on the hypotheses
5. Testing the predictions
experiments that manipulate one or more of the factors being tested.
The factor, or variable under study, is manipulated in an "experimental" group and
the results are compared with data from an unmanipulated "control" group. -
ANSWER-Controlled Experiment
Comparative Experiment - ANSWER-Comparative experiments look for differences
between samples or groups.
, The variables can not be controlled; data are gathered from different sample groups
and compared.
This is often the case with experimentation in the field
What group of single-celled life forms gave rise to multi-cellular organisms? -
ANSWER-eukaryotes
How did unicellular eukaryotes evolve into multicellular organisms? - ANSWER-
Eukaryotes failed to separate after cell division, creating a colony of cells that used
cellular specialization, the ability of associated cells to specialize in certain functions
(some would reproduce, while others absorbed nutrients) to grow in size and
become more efficient at gather resources.
How did photosynthesis influence the evolution of modern life, especially in respect
to the difference between organisms that use aerobic metabolism and anaerobic
metabolism? - ANSWER--Photosynthesis allowed photosynthetic prokaryotes
organisms to produce an oxygen-rich environment that allowed oxygen tolerant
(aerobic) organisms to proliferate, growing larger and more complex.
-The Oxygen-rich environment also made it possible for life to move on land through
by producing a thick layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere that protected
organisms from UV radiation.
anaerobic metabolism - ANSWER-does not use oxygen to extract energy from
nutrient molecules
aerobic metabolism - ANSWER-a biochemical process that uses Oxygen to extract
energy from nutrient molecules
metabolism - ANSWER-energy transformations
Genome - ANSWER-The sum total of all of an organisms DNA molecules contained
in each of its cells. The 'blueprint' for existence. The information the specifies how an
organism will look and function.
How does mutation in the genome contribute to evolution? - ANSWER-Through the
change in the genetic makeup of organisms over time.
Organisms reproduce by replicating genomes, during which mutations can occur.
These mutations can either be harmful or helpful. If the mutation gives the organisms
specific structural, behavioral or physiological traits that help it to be stronger and
better adapted to its environment, it will pass that sequence to its offspring (adaption)
because the organism has a better chance of surviving long enough to reproduce. If
a mutation is harmful, the organism has a smaller chance of reproducing and
passing on the genetic defect to future generations. This is summarized in Darwin's
theory of natural selection.
Who is Charles Darwin and hat rocess did he propose accounted for much of the
evolution of life? - ANSWER-Charles Darwin compiled factual evidence for evolution.
He argued that differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a
population (natural selection) could account for much of the evolution of life.
1-3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three domains of life? - ANSWER-Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Archaea (prokaryotes)
Eukarya (eukaryotes)
What are the levels of hierarchical organization within the biological world? -
ANSWER-- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
or
- Cells
- Organisms
- Populations
- Communities
- Ecosystems
- Biosphere
Inductive Logic - ANSWER-Inductive logic uses observations or facts to develop a
tentative answer or hypothesis. Data from multiple experiments or observations can
lead to a general conclusion (the hypothesis)
e.g. If every breed of dog you see has hair, then all dogs must have hair
Deductive Logic - ANSWER-Deductive logic is used to predict what facts would also
have to be true to be compatible with the hypothesis.
Uses a statement that is believed to be true to make specific predictions
e.g. If all mammals, by definition, have hair, and you find an animal without hair, you
could deduce that it is not a mammal.
What is a hypothesis? - ANSWER-A tentative answer to a questions from which
testable predictions can be generated.
Steps of the Scientific Method - ANSWER-1. Making observations
2. Asking questions
3. Forming hypotheses, or tentative answers
4. Making predictions based on the hypotheses
5. Testing the predictions
experiments that manipulate one or more of the factors being tested.
The factor, or variable under study, is manipulated in an "experimental" group and
the results are compared with data from an unmanipulated "control" group. -
ANSWER-Controlled Experiment
Comparative Experiment - ANSWER-Comparative experiments look for differences
between samples or groups.
, The variables can not be controlled; data are gathered from different sample groups
and compared.
This is often the case with experimentation in the field
What group of single-celled life forms gave rise to multi-cellular organisms? -
ANSWER-eukaryotes
How did unicellular eukaryotes evolve into multicellular organisms? - ANSWER-
Eukaryotes failed to separate after cell division, creating a colony of cells that used
cellular specialization, the ability of associated cells to specialize in certain functions
(some would reproduce, while others absorbed nutrients) to grow in size and
become more efficient at gather resources.
How did photosynthesis influence the evolution of modern life, especially in respect
to the difference between organisms that use aerobic metabolism and anaerobic
metabolism? - ANSWER--Photosynthesis allowed photosynthetic prokaryotes
organisms to produce an oxygen-rich environment that allowed oxygen tolerant
(aerobic) organisms to proliferate, growing larger and more complex.
-The Oxygen-rich environment also made it possible for life to move on land through
by producing a thick layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere that protected
organisms from UV radiation.
anaerobic metabolism - ANSWER-does not use oxygen to extract energy from
nutrient molecules
aerobic metabolism - ANSWER-a biochemical process that uses Oxygen to extract
energy from nutrient molecules
metabolism - ANSWER-energy transformations
Genome - ANSWER-The sum total of all of an organisms DNA molecules contained
in each of its cells. The 'blueprint' for existence. The information the specifies how an
organism will look and function.
How does mutation in the genome contribute to evolution? - ANSWER-Through the
change in the genetic makeup of organisms over time.
Organisms reproduce by replicating genomes, during which mutations can occur.
These mutations can either be harmful or helpful. If the mutation gives the organisms
specific structural, behavioral or physiological traits that help it to be stronger and
better adapted to its environment, it will pass that sequence to its offspring (adaption)
because the organism has a better chance of surviving long enough to reproduce. If
a mutation is harmful, the organism has a smaller chance of reproducing and
passing on the genetic defect to future generations. This is summarized in Darwin's
theory of natural selection.
Who is Charles Darwin and hat rocess did he propose accounted for much of the
evolution of life? - ANSWER-Charles Darwin compiled factual evidence for evolution.
He argued that differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a
population (natural selection) could account for much of the evolution of life.
