Page 1 of 68
“ PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM“LATEST 2025 UPDATED EXAM
2025 – 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS VERIFIED 100% GRADED A+
(LATEST VERSION)
The term cardiac arrest refers to which of the following?
1) Condition where cardiac output is less than the demand
2) A decreased circulating blood volume
3) Missing a ventricular contraction
4) The cessation of all cardiac function
4) The cessation of all cardiac function
Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart
failure?
1) Incompetent tricuspid heart valve
2) Chronic pulmonary disease
3) Infarction in the right atrium
4) Uncontrolled essential hypertension
4) Uncontrolled essential hypertension
HTN = high systemic BP, so high aortic pressure causes LVH, causing LHF
In an infant, the initial indication of congestive heart failure is often:
1) distended neck veins.
2) feeding problems.
3) low-grade fever and lethargy.
4) frequent vomiting.
2) feeding problems.
A sign of aortic stenosis is:
1) increased cardiac output.
2) congestion in the liver, spleen, and legs.
3) flushed face and headache.
4) a heart murmur.
, Page 2 of 68
4) a heart murmur.
MS, MR, AS, AI = the big murmurs
Narrowing of aorta
Unoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation in children with tetralogy
of Fallot because:
1) the aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions.
2) pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
3) the left ventricular wall has hypertrophied.
4) the septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria.
2) pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
TOF is the most common cyanotic VSD
4 signs - VSD, RVH, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis
Septic emboli, a common complication of infective endocarditis, are a result of
the fact that:
1) vegetations are loosely attached and fragile.
2) the valves are no longer competent.
3) cardiac output is reduced.
4) heart contractions are irregular.
1) vegetations are loosely attached and fragile.
Pericarditis may be caused by:
1--infection.
2--abnormal immune responses.
3--injury.
4--malignant neoplasm.
1) 1, 2
2) 3, 4
3) 1, 3, 4
4) 1, 2, 3, 4
4) 1, 2, 3, 4
Uncontrolled hypertension is most likely to cause ischemia and loss of
function in the:
1) kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye.
2) peripheral arteries in the legs.
3) aorta and coronary arteries.
4) liver, spleen, and stomach.
1) kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye.
, Page 3 of 68
A dissecting aortic aneurysm develops as:
1) a dilation or bulge that develops at one point on the aortic wall.
2) a thrombus that accumulates at a point in the aortic wall.
3) a section of the aorta that weakens and dilates in all directions.
4) a tear in the intimal lining, which allows blood flow between layers of the
aortic wall
4) a tear in the intimal lining, which allows blood flow between layers of the
aortic wall
Which factor predisposes to varicose veins during pregnancy?
1) Compressed pelvic veins
2) Stenotic valves in leg veins
3) Thrombus formation
4) Insufficient muscle support for veins
1) Compressed pelvic veins
Shock is defined as:
1) failure of the heart to supply sufficient blood to body cells.
2) general hypoxia, causing damage to various organs.
3) decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion.
4) loss of blood, causing severe hypoxia.
3) decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion.
A compensation for shock would include:
1) increased heart rate and oliguria.
2) lethargy and decreased responsiveness.
3) warm, dry, flushed skin.
4) weak, thready pulse.
1) increased heart rate and oliguria.
Why does anaphylactic shock cause severe hypoxia very quickly?
1) Generalized vasoconstriction reduces venous return.
2) Bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema reduce airflow.
3) Heart rate and contractility are reduced.
4) Metabolic rate is greatly increased.
2) Bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema reduce airflow.
A cardiac pacemaker would most likely be inserted in cases of:
1) angina pectoris.
2) heart block.
3) congestive heart failure.
4) ventricular fibrillation.
2) heart block.
, Page 4 of 68
Pacemaker for hear block or SA/AV node problems
Defibrillator for Vfib
The most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins
is:
1) trauma.
2) congenital valve defect in the abdominal veins.
3) infection.
4) increased venous pressure.
4) increased venous pressure.
In the period immediately following a myocardial infarction, the manifestations
of pallor and diaphoresis, rapid pulse, and anxiety result from:
1) onset of circulatory shock.
2) the inflammatory response.
3) release of enzymes from necrotic tissue.
4) heart failure.
1) onset of circulatory shock.
Septic shock differs from hypovolemic shock in that it is frequently manifested
by:
1) fever and flushed face.
2) elevated blood pressure.
3) increased urinary output.
4) slow bounding pulse.
1) fever and flushed face.
SEPTIC SHOCK = WARM SHOCK
hypovolemic = vasoconstriction due to reduced volume and flow
In patients with congestive heart failure, ACE inhibitor drugs are useful
because they:
1) reduce renin and aldosterone secretion.
2) slow the heart rate.
3) strengthen myocardial contraction.
4) block arrhythmias.
1) reduce renin and aldosterone secretion.
Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes:
1) increased cardiac output.
2) myocardial infarction.
3) reduced venous return.
4) friction rub.
“ PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM“LATEST 2025 UPDATED EXAM
2025 – 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS VERIFIED 100% GRADED A+
(LATEST VERSION)
The term cardiac arrest refers to which of the following?
1) Condition where cardiac output is less than the demand
2) A decreased circulating blood volume
3) Missing a ventricular contraction
4) The cessation of all cardiac function
4) The cessation of all cardiac function
Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart
failure?
1) Incompetent tricuspid heart valve
2) Chronic pulmonary disease
3) Infarction in the right atrium
4) Uncontrolled essential hypertension
4) Uncontrolled essential hypertension
HTN = high systemic BP, so high aortic pressure causes LVH, causing LHF
In an infant, the initial indication of congestive heart failure is often:
1) distended neck veins.
2) feeding problems.
3) low-grade fever and lethargy.
4) frequent vomiting.
2) feeding problems.
A sign of aortic stenosis is:
1) increased cardiac output.
2) congestion in the liver, spleen, and legs.
3) flushed face and headache.
4) a heart murmur.
, Page 2 of 68
4) a heart murmur.
MS, MR, AS, AI = the big murmurs
Narrowing of aorta
Unoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation in children with tetralogy
of Fallot because:
1) the aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions.
2) pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
3) the left ventricular wall has hypertrophied.
4) the septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria.
2) pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
TOF is the most common cyanotic VSD
4 signs - VSD, RVH, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis
Septic emboli, a common complication of infective endocarditis, are a result of
the fact that:
1) vegetations are loosely attached and fragile.
2) the valves are no longer competent.
3) cardiac output is reduced.
4) heart contractions are irregular.
1) vegetations are loosely attached and fragile.
Pericarditis may be caused by:
1--infection.
2--abnormal immune responses.
3--injury.
4--malignant neoplasm.
1) 1, 2
2) 3, 4
3) 1, 3, 4
4) 1, 2, 3, 4
4) 1, 2, 3, 4
Uncontrolled hypertension is most likely to cause ischemia and loss of
function in the:
1) kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye.
2) peripheral arteries in the legs.
3) aorta and coronary arteries.
4) liver, spleen, and stomach.
1) kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye.
, Page 3 of 68
A dissecting aortic aneurysm develops as:
1) a dilation or bulge that develops at one point on the aortic wall.
2) a thrombus that accumulates at a point in the aortic wall.
3) a section of the aorta that weakens and dilates in all directions.
4) a tear in the intimal lining, which allows blood flow between layers of the
aortic wall
4) a tear in the intimal lining, which allows blood flow between layers of the
aortic wall
Which factor predisposes to varicose veins during pregnancy?
1) Compressed pelvic veins
2) Stenotic valves in leg veins
3) Thrombus formation
4) Insufficient muscle support for veins
1) Compressed pelvic veins
Shock is defined as:
1) failure of the heart to supply sufficient blood to body cells.
2) general hypoxia, causing damage to various organs.
3) decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion.
4) loss of blood, causing severe hypoxia.
3) decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion.
A compensation for shock would include:
1) increased heart rate and oliguria.
2) lethargy and decreased responsiveness.
3) warm, dry, flushed skin.
4) weak, thready pulse.
1) increased heart rate and oliguria.
Why does anaphylactic shock cause severe hypoxia very quickly?
1) Generalized vasoconstriction reduces venous return.
2) Bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema reduce airflow.
3) Heart rate and contractility are reduced.
4) Metabolic rate is greatly increased.
2) Bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema reduce airflow.
A cardiac pacemaker would most likely be inserted in cases of:
1) angina pectoris.
2) heart block.
3) congestive heart failure.
4) ventricular fibrillation.
2) heart block.
, Page 4 of 68
Pacemaker for hear block or SA/AV node problems
Defibrillator for Vfib
The most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins
is:
1) trauma.
2) congenital valve defect in the abdominal veins.
3) infection.
4) increased venous pressure.
4) increased venous pressure.
In the period immediately following a myocardial infarction, the manifestations
of pallor and diaphoresis, rapid pulse, and anxiety result from:
1) onset of circulatory shock.
2) the inflammatory response.
3) release of enzymes from necrotic tissue.
4) heart failure.
1) onset of circulatory shock.
Septic shock differs from hypovolemic shock in that it is frequently manifested
by:
1) fever and flushed face.
2) elevated blood pressure.
3) increased urinary output.
4) slow bounding pulse.
1) fever and flushed face.
SEPTIC SHOCK = WARM SHOCK
hypovolemic = vasoconstriction due to reduced volume and flow
In patients with congestive heart failure, ACE inhibitor drugs are useful
because they:
1) reduce renin and aldosterone secretion.
2) slow the heart rate.
3) strengthen myocardial contraction.
4) block arrhythmias.
1) reduce renin and aldosterone secretion.
Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes:
1) increased cardiac output.
2) myocardial infarction.
3) reduced venous return.
4) friction rub.
