NCM 112 Exam Revision Questions & Answers
Solved 100% Correct.
What is the focus of Nursing Care Management 112?
It deals with the care of clients with problems in oxygenation, fluid and electrolyte balance,
infectious, inflammatory and immunologic responses, and cellular aberrations.
What is the leading cause of death for men and women across all racial and ethnic groups?
Cardiovascular disease.
What is the most prevalent type of cardiovascular disease in adults?
Coronary artery disease (CAD).
What is coronary atherosclerosis?
An abnormal accumulation of lipid and fibrous tissue in the arterial walls that reduces blood flow
to the myocardium.
What initiates the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis?
Injury to the vascular endothelium, often caused by factors like smoking and hypertension.
What are foam cells?
Macrophages that have ingested lipids in the arterial wall during the process of atherosclerosis.
What is atheroma?
A deposit of plaque in the arterial wall that can obstruct blood flow.
What is the difference between stable and unstable plaque?
,Stable plaque has a thick fibrous cap and is less likely to rupture, while unstable plaque has a
thin cap and is prone to rupture.
What can a ruptured plaque lead to?
Thrombus formation, which may obstruct blood flow and lead to acute coronary syndrome
(ACS) or myocardial infarction (MI).
What is myocardial ischemia?
A condition where the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen due to reduced blood flow.
What is angina pectoris?
Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia, often due to significant coronary atherosclerosis.
What can happen if blood supply to the myocardium is severely reduced for a prolonged
period?
Irreversible damage and death of myocardial cells, leading to myocardial dysfunction.
What are some major risk factors for developing heart disease?
Elevated LDL cholesterol, diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, and metabolic
syndrome.
What is the significance of elevated LDL cholesterol?
It is the primary target of cholesterol-lowering therapy and is associated with a higher risk of
cardiac events.
What does metabolic syndrome refer to?
,A cluster of metabolic abnormalities that significantly increases the risk for cardiovascular
disease.
What are the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease?
Symptoms and complications vary based on the location and degree of arterial narrowing, often
leading to ischemia.
What can significant myocardial damage lead to?
Persistently low cardiac output and heart failure.
What is sudden cardiac death?
An abrupt stop of the heart's beating, potentially caused by decreased blood supply from CAD.
What are the common causes of decreased blood flow to the heart aside from
atherosclerosis?
Vasospasm, myocardial trauma, structural disease, congenital anomalies, and increased oxygen
demand.
What role do inflammatory cells play in atherosclerosis?
They contribute to the formation of plaques and can further damage the arterial wall.
What is the nursing process used for in patients with heart failure?
As a framework for providing care and managing patients' conditions.
What is the relationship between CAD and heart failure?
CAD can lead to heart failure due to inadequate blood supply and myocardial damage.
, What is the importance of understanding coronary artery conditions for nurses?
It enables them to assess, prevent, and treat cardiovascular disorders effectively.
What are the three conditions required for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?
Insulin resistance, central obesity, and dyslipidemia.
What waist circumference indicates central obesity in women?
More than 35 inches.
What waist circumference indicates central obesity in men?
More than 40 inches.
What triglyceride level is considered dyslipidemia?
More than 150 mg/dL.
What is the significance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular risk?
CRP is an inflammatory marker associated with cardiovascular risk, including acute coronary
events.
What blood pressure reading indicates hypertension in the context of metabolic syndrome?
Persistently greater than 130/85 mm Hg.
What are the four modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular complications?
Cholesterol abnormalities, tobacco use, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
What fasting lipid profile values are recommended for LDL cholesterol?
Less than 100 mg/dL (less than 70 mg/dL for very high-risk patients).
Solved 100% Correct.
What is the focus of Nursing Care Management 112?
It deals with the care of clients with problems in oxygenation, fluid and electrolyte balance,
infectious, inflammatory and immunologic responses, and cellular aberrations.
What is the leading cause of death for men and women across all racial and ethnic groups?
Cardiovascular disease.
What is the most prevalent type of cardiovascular disease in adults?
Coronary artery disease (CAD).
What is coronary atherosclerosis?
An abnormal accumulation of lipid and fibrous tissue in the arterial walls that reduces blood flow
to the myocardium.
What initiates the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis?
Injury to the vascular endothelium, often caused by factors like smoking and hypertension.
What are foam cells?
Macrophages that have ingested lipids in the arterial wall during the process of atherosclerosis.
What is atheroma?
A deposit of plaque in the arterial wall that can obstruct blood flow.
What is the difference between stable and unstable plaque?
,Stable plaque has a thick fibrous cap and is less likely to rupture, while unstable plaque has a
thin cap and is prone to rupture.
What can a ruptured plaque lead to?
Thrombus formation, which may obstruct blood flow and lead to acute coronary syndrome
(ACS) or myocardial infarction (MI).
What is myocardial ischemia?
A condition where the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen due to reduced blood flow.
What is angina pectoris?
Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia, often due to significant coronary atherosclerosis.
What can happen if blood supply to the myocardium is severely reduced for a prolonged
period?
Irreversible damage and death of myocardial cells, leading to myocardial dysfunction.
What are some major risk factors for developing heart disease?
Elevated LDL cholesterol, diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, and metabolic
syndrome.
What is the significance of elevated LDL cholesterol?
It is the primary target of cholesterol-lowering therapy and is associated with a higher risk of
cardiac events.
What does metabolic syndrome refer to?
,A cluster of metabolic abnormalities that significantly increases the risk for cardiovascular
disease.
What are the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease?
Symptoms and complications vary based on the location and degree of arterial narrowing, often
leading to ischemia.
What can significant myocardial damage lead to?
Persistently low cardiac output and heart failure.
What is sudden cardiac death?
An abrupt stop of the heart's beating, potentially caused by decreased blood supply from CAD.
What are the common causes of decreased blood flow to the heart aside from
atherosclerosis?
Vasospasm, myocardial trauma, structural disease, congenital anomalies, and increased oxygen
demand.
What role do inflammatory cells play in atherosclerosis?
They contribute to the formation of plaques and can further damage the arterial wall.
What is the nursing process used for in patients with heart failure?
As a framework for providing care and managing patients' conditions.
What is the relationship between CAD and heart failure?
CAD can lead to heart failure due to inadequate blood supply and myocardial damage.
, What is the importance of understanding coronary artery conditions for nurses?
It enables them to assess, prevent, and treat cardiovascular disorders effectively.
What are the three conditions required for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?
Insulin resistance, central obesity, and dyslipidemia.
What waist circumference indicates central obesity in women?
More than 35 inches.
What waist circumference indicates central obesity in men?
More than 40 inches.
What triglyceride level is considered dyslipidemia?
More than 150 mg/dL.
What is the significance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular risk?
CRP is an inflammatory marker associated with cardiovascular risk, including acute coronary
events.
What blood pressure reading indicates hypertension in the context of metabolic syndrome?
Persistently greater than 130/85 mm Hg.
What are the four modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular complications?
Cholesterol abnormalities, tobacco use, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
What fasting lipid profile values are recommended for LDL cholesterol?
Less than 100 mg/dL (less than 70 mg/dL for very high-risk patients).
