BIOS 252 FINAL EXAM UNIT 8 STUDY GUIDE 1

BIO 252 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Chapter 10: A. Muscle tissue function Produce body movements Stabilized body positions Storing and moving substances Generates heat B. Types of skeletal muscle proteins/function (p.300) Contractile Proteins ( generates force during contraction) Myosin: Makes up the thick filaments, consist of a tail and two myosin heads which binds to myosin binding site on acting molecule during contraction. Actin: Protein that is the main component of thin filament, each actin molecule has myosin –binding site, where myosis head of thick filament binds during contraction Regulatory Proteins (help switch muscle contraction on and off) Troponin. Component of thin filament, when calcium ions binds to troponin, it changes shape, this change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding on actin molecules Tropomyosin; Component of thin filament, when skeleton muscle fiber relaxed, tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing myosin from binding to actin. Structural Proteins; Keep thin and thick filaments of myofibrils in proper alignment Titin;Structure protein that connects z discs to M line of sarcomere helping to stabilize thick filaments positions, can stretch and spring back unharmed Dystrophin; Connects to the membrane protein Chapter 11: A. Steps in skeletal muscle contraction 1. Calcium binds to troponin, rotating tromyosin off the active site on actinng 2. Cross bridging occurs between the active site on the actin and myosin head. 3. Myosin head pivots toward the center of sarcomere pulling the Z lines closer causin the contraction. Release store energy, calcium pull out 4.Crossbridging detachment the bond remains the same until the myosis head bind with another ATP molecule ( rigor mortis) 5. Myosis activation the free myosis head splits the ATP into ADP and P which recooks the head again for the next cycle Calcium and ATP need it B. Definitions 1. Origin The attachment of a muscle or tendon to a stationary bone or the end opposite the insertion 2. Insertion Most muscle cross at least one joint and are attach at the articulating bone. 3. Antagonist Stretch or relax , triceps 4. Agonist Contract to control movement (bicepts), major muscle to produce an specific movement 5. Synergist Prevent unwanting movement during action 6. Fixator A muscle that stabilized the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently Chapter 12: A. Excitatory neurotransmitter function Graded depolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron (more positive) Action potential (inward flow of Na+) B. Inhibitory neurotransmitter function Graded hyperpolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. (Inward flow of Ch and outward of K+) (No action potential) C. Depolarization (concept) is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell. D. Repolarization (concept) Potassium ions move outside, and sodium ions stay inside the membrane. E. Hyperpolarization (concept More potassium ions are on the outside than there are sodium ions on the inside Chapter 13: A. Internal anatomy of spinal cord 1. Anterior horn Somatic motor nuclei Provide nerve impulses for contraction skeletal muscle 2. Posterior horn Contains cell bodies of interneurons and incoming sensory neurons Located in the posterior part root ganglion of spinal nerve 3. Lateral horn Autonomic motor nuclei Regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands Regions in the spinal cord in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions Between posterior and anterior horns B. Cervical enlargement (part of body it supplies) Attachment of the large nerves which supply the upper extremities (C4 to T1) C. Lumbar enlargement (part of body it supplies) Attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs (T9-T12) D. Sympathetic stimulation Fight or flight Increase heart Rate E. Parasympathetic stimulation Rest and Digest Decrease in the heart rate F. Ascending tract (sensory or motor) Delivery information to the brain Sensory G. Descending tract (sensory or motor) Delivery information to the periphery Motor Chapter 14: A. Meninges Extensions of dura mater that separates parts of the brain Falx cerebri; separates de cerebrum into right and left hemispheres Falx cerebelli; separates cerebellum into right and left halves Tentorium cerebelli; Separates cerebellum from cerebrum B. Cranial nerves (number and function) 1. I Olfactory (Smell) 2. II Optic (Sight) 3. III Oculomotor (Moves eyelid and eyeball and adjusts the pupil and lens of the eye) 4. IV Trochlear (Moves eyeballs) 5. V Trigeminal (Facial muscles incl. chewing; Facial sensations) 6. VI Abducens (Moves eyeballs) 7. VII Facial (Taste, tears, saliva, facial expressions) 8. VIII Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) 9. IX Glossopharyngeal (Swallowing, saliva, taste) 10. X Vagus (Control of PNS e.g. smooth muscles of GI tract) 11. XI Accessory (Moving head & shoulders, swallowing) 12. XII Hypoglossal (Tongue muscles - speech & swallowing) C. Wernicke’s area Involve understanding and formulating speech Damage causes word salad Fluent aphasia D. Broca’s area Speech area Motor function to form words Non-fluent aphasia E. Location of: 1. Primary motor area Locate in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe 2. Primary somatosensory area Located directly posterior to the central sulcus in each hemispheres, in the post central gyrus 3. Visual cortex Located at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe. F. Function of: 1. Hypothalamus Regulates body temperature Produces hormones released by pituitary gland Produces emotions and behavioral drives Coordinates nervous and endocrine systems Regulates eating Thirst center 2. Hippocampus Crucial roles in memory formation, particularly new long-term declarative memories. 3. Medulla oblongata Cardio vascular center (regulates heart beat) Regulates breathing Vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccupping 4. Cerebellum Coordinate of skeletal muscle contractions. Maintain Normal muscle tone Posture and Balance Chapter 17: A. Semicircular canal (function ) Continuous with the vestibule; filled with fluid needed for balance and dynamic equilibrium. Cochlea (hair cells function) B. Presbyopia Eye's ability to focus decreases with increase in age Ability to accommodate decreases at around your forties The more rings you get in the crystalline lens the less is can accommodate C. Hyperopia Farsighted eye focuses light in the back of the retina Blurry vision up close D. Myopia Nearsightedness-can see near but not far Instead of focusing in the retina, it is focusing in front E. Cones/Rods Rods See dim light Don’t produce color visión Cones Produce color vision Blue, green and red cones F. Olfactory receptor location Found in pseudostratified epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity. G. Iris (description) muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil H. Cornea (description) Transparent anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye I. Conjunctiva (description) Thin, transparent mucous membrane; covers inner eyelid and anterior part of the idea J. Primary taste sensations Sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umani (meaty sensory) K. Special senses Smell, vision, taste, hearing, and equilibrium These senses are specifically located within the head L. Blind spot The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there M. Cataract (treatment) Blurry or cloudy, common condition in older people. Protein builds up in the lenses of the eye Correct with lens or surgery (removed of the lens and replaces it with a man made one) Chapter 18: A. Posterior Pituitary Gland (Identification and hormones *Understand how Pituitary gland is involved) Oxytocin Stimulus contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during birth ADH antidiuretic hormone Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume Decrease water loss through perspiration Raises blood pressure B. Anterior Pituitary Gland (Identification and hormones secreted) hGh Human Growth Hormone Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone and other tissues TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone Females initiate development of oocytes and induces ovarian Males stimulates testes to produce spern LH Luteinizing Hormone In females stimulate secretions of estrogens and progesterone In males stimulates testes to produce testosterone PRL Prolactin Together with other hormones promotes milk production by mammary glands ACTH Adrenocorticotropic Stimulus secretions of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by adrenal cortex MSH Melanocyte-stimulating May influence brain activity Too much cant cause darkening of skin C. Adrenal Gland ( top of the kidneys ) 1. Cortex (Identification and hormones: general category) Produce steroid hormones Essential for life (complete loss of adrenocortical hormone can lead to death due to dehydration and electricity imbalance 2. Medulla (Identification and hormones) Norepinephrine 20% Epinephrine 80% Small amount of dopamine D. Pineal Gland (location and hormone) Small endocrine gland Attach to the roof of 3rd ventricle of the brain at the midline Hormones Melatonin (promotes sleepiness ) E. Differences in the control of the Pituitary gland) F. Infundibulum Attach the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus Function is to separate the anterior and posterior pituitary G. Pancreas (function of hormones) Insulin Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans Decreases blood glucose Secreted in response to high blood glucose Glucagon Secreted by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans Stimulates liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrate into glucose Secreted in response to low blood glucose Stimulates fat breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol IDENTIFICATION: A. Muscles 1. Biceps femoris (function) 2. Deltoid 3. Latissimus dorsi 4. Pectoralis major 5. External oblique 6. Rectus abdominus 7. Temporalis (function) B. Vision 1. Cornea 2. Retina 3. Sclera 4. Lens 5. Optic nerve 6. Ciliary body/muscle C. Brain 1. Temporal lobe 2. Frontal lobe 3. Parietal lobe 4. Occipital lobe 5. Medulla oblongata 6. Corpus callosum 7. Cerebellum 8. Pineal gland 9. Pons 10. Olfactory nerve 11. Occularmotor nerve 12. Optic nerve 13. Mammillary bodies 14. Amygdala (function)