BIO 116 Exam 1 Questions and
Answers
protein structure - ANSWER-amino acid start and a carboxyl end
Primary Structure- proteins - ANSWER-order of AAs(determined by gene sequence!)
Secondary Structure:- proteins - ANSWER-Repeating pattern determined by
chemical & physical properties of AAs
Tertiary structure- proteins - ANSWER-•Complex 3D shape• Protein folds back &
forth on itself• allows portions of protein @ long distances to interact
Quaternary Structure- proteins - ANSWER-• Interaction of multiple polypeptides• Not
part of all proteins - some only single polypeptide
5 factors promoting protein folding & stability - ANSWER-1.H-bonds 2.Ionic bonds
3.Hydrophobic effects 4.Van der Waals forces•atoms w/weak attraction @ optimal
distance 5.Disulfide bridges
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER-•DNA-Store genetic info•RNA-Critical for the expression of
genetic info-Many types-mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA will be what we focus on
DNA/ RNA is held together by - ANSWER-sugar phosphate back-bones, base pairs
joined by h-bonds
Eukaryotes contain - ANSWER-Eukarya
Prokaryotes contain - ANSWER-Bacteria and Archaea
all cells have... - ANSWER-•Cell membrane•Cytoplasm / cytosol•Ribosomes •DNA-
based genome•ATP for energy
Membrane structure- - ANSWER-Lipid bilayer w/proteins embedded
the more fluid a membrane... the more - ANSWER-unsaturated fatty acids the
membrane is made-up with
Semipermeable membrane - ANSWER-Some molecules pass easily-Others require
help
Diffusion - ANSWER-[High] --> [Low]
Passive transport/ facilitated transport requires - ANSWER-no atp
, active transport requires _____ and is moving _____ the gradient - ANSWER-atp,
against
hypotonic cell - ANSWER-too much water inside cell
hypertonic - ANSWER-too much water outside of the cell
isotonic - ANSWER-normal cell
Exocytosis - ANSWER-transport large molecules &/or cargo OUT of cell
Endocytosis - ANSWER-transport large molecules &/or cargo INTO cell
Endomembrane System consists of... - ANSWER-nuclear membrane, the
endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and
the cell membrane
Semiautonomous organelles... - ANSWER-•Reproduce themselves •Depend on cell
for some proteins•Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other plastids
Mitochondria - ANSWER-Outer and inner membrane-Intermembrane space and
mitochondrial matrix•Primary role is to make ATP
Chloroplasts - ANSWER-•Photosynthesis•Plants and algae•Outer and inner
membrane-intermembrane space •Third membrane-thylakoid membrane-stacks form
granum (plural, grana)
What kinds of organisms have tissues? - ANSWER-all animals (except sponges) , all
plants (Non-vascular plants do not have X & P (have simpler tissues for
water/nutrient transport))
Cells need to _______ each other, Cells need to ________ to each other. if they do
not they become cancer cells - ANSWER-recognize , adhere
cytoskeleton- - ANSWER-•Internal structure of the cell, (microfilaments,
microtubules, intermediate filaments)
microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments are all made of - ANSWER-
proteins
largest out of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments are the? -
ANSWER-microtubules
Extracellular Matrix is for... - ANSWER-•Strength•Structural
support•Organization•Cell signaling
Fibronectin (EMC) - ANSWER-connects cells to ECM are adhesive
Laminin (EMC) - ANSWER-connects cells to ECM in basal lamina are adhesive
Answers
protein structure - ANSWER-amino acid start and a carboxyl end
Primary Structure- proteins - ANSWER-order of AAs(determined by gene sequence!)
Secondary Structure:- proteins - ANSWER-Repeating pattern determined by
chemical & physical properties of AAs
Tertiary structure- proteins - ANSWER-•Complex 3D shape• Protein folds back &
forth on itself• allows portions of protein @ long distances to interact
Quaternary Structure- proteins - ANSWER-• Interaction of multiple polypeptides• Not
part of all proteins - some only single polypeptide
5 factors promoting protein folding & stability - ANSWER-1.H-bonds 2.Ionic bonds
3.Hydrophobic effects 4.Van der Waals forces•atoms w/weak attraction @ optimal
distance 5.Disulfide bridges
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER-•DNA-Store genetic info•RNA-Critical for the expression of
genetic info-Many types-mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA will be what we focus on
DNA/ RNA is held together by - ANSWER-sugar phosphate back-bones, base pairs
joined by h-bonds
Eukaryotes contain - ANSWER-Eukarya
Prokaryotes contain - ANSWER-Bacteria and Archaea
all cells have... - ANSWER-•Cell membrane•Cytoplasm / cytosol•Ribosomes •DNA-
based genome•ATP for energy
Membrane structure- - ANSWER-Lipid bilayer w/proteins embedded
the more fluid a membrane... the more - ANSWER-unsaturated fatty acids the
membrane is made-up with
Semipermeable membrane - ANSWER-Some molecules pass easily-Others require
help
Diffusion - ANSWER-[High] --> [Low]
Passive transport/ facilitated transport requires - ANSWER-no atp
, active transport requires _____ and is moving _____ the gradient - ANSWER-atp,
against
hypotonic cell - ANSWER-too much water inside cell
hypertonic - ANSWER-too much water outside of the cell
isotonic - ANSWER-normal cell
Exocytosis - ANSWER-transport large molecules &/or cargo OUT of cell
Endocytosis - ANSWER-transport large molecules &/or cargo INTO cell
Endomembrane System consists of... - ANSWER-nuclear membrane, the
endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and
the cell membrane
Semiautonomous organelles... - ANSWER-•Reproduce themselves •Depend on cell
for some proteins•Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other plastids
Mitochondria - ANSWER-Outer and inner membrane-Intermembrane space and
mitochondrial matrix•Primary role is to make ATP
Chloroplasts - ANSWER-•Photosynthesis•Plants and algae•Outer and inner
membrane-intermembrane space •Third membrane-thylakoid membrane-stacks form
granum (plural, grana)
What kinds of organisms have tissues? - ANSWER-all animals (except sponges) , all
plants (Non-vascular plants do not have X & P (have simpler tissues for
water/nutrient transport))
Cells need to _______ each other, Cells need to ________ to each other. if they do
not they become cancer cells - ANSWER-recognize , adhere
cytoskeleton- - ANSWER-•Internal structure of the cell, (microfilaments,
microtubules, intermediate filaments)
microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments are all made of - ANSWER-
proteins
largest out of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments are the? -
ANSWER-microtubules
Extracellular Matrix is for... - ANSWER-•Strength•Structural
support•Organization•Cell signaling
Fibronectin (EMC) - ANSWER-connects cells to ECM are adhesive
Laminin (EMC) - ANSWER-connects cells to ECM in basal lamina are adhesive
