HLST 110 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
The medical model (Na 20th Century) - ANS "Health is the absence of disease"
The holistic model (WHO 1947) - ANS Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease."
The Wellness model (WHO 1986 Ottawa Charter) - ANS Health is the extent to which an
individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with
the environment.
Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept,
emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.
The Holistic Model (1947, "Biophysicalsocial Model" - ANS Health is a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
broadens the medical model, but too much?
Advantage to the holistic model: - ANS health is a mental, social and physical; broader issues
of active participation in life; the ability to lead a productive life even in physical ailment (e.g.
disability, etc.)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Disadvantage of holistic model: - ANS no distinctions between health and the factors that
make us healthy; between state of health and the consequences of being healthy
advantage of the wellness model - ANS moves away from health as a static state toward a
dynamic model, a process, or force. Health is mental, social and physical; broader issues of
active participation in life even with disability
Health entails having - ANS basic needs fulfilled, with reasonable opportunities and
capacities to meet their needs (Fleuret & Atkinson, 2007). Wellbeing is conceived by health
studies researchers as a meaningful state of life.
A landmark study by Baker et al., (2004) revealed that 7.5% of hospital admissions in Canada
were associated with an - ANS adverse event, defined by the researchers as an "unintended
injury or complication that results in disability at the time of discharge, death or prolonged
hospital stay and is caused by health care management rather than by the patient's underlying
disease process"(p.1679).
What are the current key ethical challenges in health care? This question was posed to
bioethicists in an article by Johnathon Breslin and his colleagues (Breslin et al., 2005). They
identified ten ethical challenges facing citizens in most Western industrial nations: - ANS 1.
conflicts over treatment decisions
2. determining essential services
3. the lack of services for vulnerable populations
4. a shortage of health care workers to provide care
5. medical error
6. decisions about end of life care
7. the ability to give informed consent prior to receiving care
8. the risks and benefits of participation in medical research
9. determining who can make health care decisions on behalf of another
10. the emergence of new medical technologies
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Molecular gaze: - ANS technological enhancements to clinical medicine and the normalizing
power of medical classification; the molecular gaze operates at the genetic and cellular level of
the human body.
Surveillance gaze: - ANS medicine in the 20th century began to monitor the health of the
population as a whole
Biological citizenship: - ANS individuals building local and transnational communities of
support to engage in biomedical activism.
Medical sociologist have developed 3 primary perspectives for looking at medical technology: -
ANS 1. technological determinism
2. social essentialism
3. technology-in-practise
Technological determinism: - ANS a persons feelings and experience often mean less to a
physician than the "objective information" revealed by exams/tests.
Social essentialism: - ANS meanings behind technological findings are socially constructed
Technology-in-practise: - ANS technological determinism and social essentialism either
overestimate or underestimate the role of medical technologies in social settings. TIP: Just one
tool that works towards health.
The Medical Gaze: - ANS mode of perception, and the knowledge foundation of modern,
scientific biomedicine.
Future Challenges and Directions
Technology - ANS how to assess the evolving role of technology in health and health care
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
The medical model (Na 20th Century) - ANS "Health is the absence of disease"
The holistic model (WHO 1947) - ANS Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease."
The Wellness model (WHO 1986 Ottawa Charter) - ANS Health is the extent to which an
individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with
the environment.
Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept,
emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.
The Holistic Model (1947, "Biophysicalsocial Model" - ANS Health is a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
broadens the medical model, but too much?
Advantage to the holistic model: - ANS health is a mental, social and physical; broader issues
of active participation in life; the ability to lead a productive life even in physical ailment (e.g.
disability, etc.)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Disadvantage of holistic model: - ANS no distinctions between health and the factors that
make us healthy; between state of health and the consequences of being healthy
advantage of the wellness model - ANS moves away from health as a static state toward a
dynamic model, a process, or force. Health is mental, social and physical; broader issues of
active participation in life even with disability
Health entails having - ANS basic needs fulfilled, with reasonable opportunities and
capacities to meet their needs (Fleuret & Atkinson, 2007). Wellbeing is conceived by health
studies researchers as a meaningful state of life.
A landmark study by Baker et al., (2004) revealed that 7.5% of hospital admissions in Canada
were associated with an - ANS adverse event, defined by the researchers as an "unintended
injury or complication that results in disability at the time of discharge, death or prolonged
hospital stay and is caused by health care management rather than by the patient's underlying
disease process"(p.1679).
What are the current key ethical challenges in health care? This question was posed to
bioethicists in an article by Johnathon Breslin and his colleagues (Breslin et al., 2005). They
identified ten ethical challenges facing citizens in most Western industrial nations: - ANS 1.
conflicts over treatment decisions
2. determining essential services
3. the lack of services for vulnerable populations
4. a shortage of health care workers to provide care
5. medical error
6. decisions about end of life care
7. the ability to give informed consent prior to receiving care
8. the risks and benefits of participation in medical research
9. determining who can make health care decisions on behalf of another
10. the emergence of new medical technologies
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Molecular gaze: - ANS technological enhancements to clinical medicine and the normalizing
power of medical classification; the molecular gaze operates at the genetic and cellular level of
the human body.
Surveillance gaze: - ANS medicine in the 20th century began to monitor the health of the
population as a whole
Biological citizenship: - ANS individuals building local and transnational communities of
support to engage in biomedical activism.
Medical sociologist have developed 3 primary perspectives for looking at medical technology: -
ANS 1. technological determinism
2. social essentialism
3. technology-in-practise
Technological determinism: - ANS a persons feelings and experience often mean less to a
physician than the "objective information" revealed by exams/tests.
Social essentialism: - ANS meanings behind technological findings are socially constructed
Technology-in-practise: - ANS technological determinism and social essentialism either
overestimate or underestimate the role of medical technologies in social settings. TIP: Just one
tool that works towards health.
The Medical Gaze: - ANS mode of perception, and the knowledge foundation of modern,
scientific biomedicine.
Future Challenges and Directions
Technology - ANS how to assess the evolving role of technology in health and health care
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
