Biology 116 - Final Exam - Full Review
Questions with Verified Answers
Cofactors - ANSWER-inorganic ions such as Zn 2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ that reversible
interact with enzymes (organisms require these minerals in diet)
Coenzymes - ANSWER-Organic molecules like NADH or FADH2 that interact with
enzymes (some are required in diet and called vitamins)
prosthetic groups - ANSWER-Coenzymes permanently, covalently bound to
enzymes
ATP - ANSWER-Form of energy used most often inside cells
Unstable, most cells make it all the time by obtaining glucose through
photosynthesis (plants) or from food
Glycogen - ANSWER-Animals store glucose as
Starch - ANSWER-Plants store glucose as
4 steps of cellular respiration - ANSWER-1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate processing
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Pyruvate processing - ANSWER-Pyruvate is oxidised to form Acetyl CoA
Citrix acid cycle - ANSWER-Acetyl CoA is oxidised to CO2.
Electron transport and chemiosmosis - ANSWER-compounds that were reduced in
steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production
Glycolysis - ANSWER-Glucose (6) is broken down to pyrovate (2x3) occurs in
cytoplasm . Glucose split in half, each half is phosphorylated, 2 ATP spent
substrate-level phosphorylation - ANSWER-ATP is made by transferring a
phosphate directly from an intermediate substrate to ATP
Oxidative ohosphorylation - ANSWER-In step 4, a proton gradient provides energy
for ATP production, membrane protein ATO synthase uses this energy to
phosphorylate ADP to form ATP
,Glycolysis summary - ANSWER-Occurs in every prokaryote and eukaryotes group)
regulated by controlling production or activation of enzymes. Spend 2 ATP, end
gives you 4 ATP. Net of 2 ATP produced.
Catabolic pathways - ANSWER-Cause breakdowns of molecules, can harvest stored
chemical energy to produce ATP
Anabolic pathways - ANSWER-Result in the synthesis of larger molecules from
smaller components
Often use energy in the form of ATP.
Fasting - ANSWER-Cells will first use carbohydrates, then fats, then proteins
Steps 2 -3 occur in - ANSWER-Mitochondria of eukaryotes
ATP synthase structure - ANSWER-Enzyme complex. ATPase 'knob' (F1 unit)
A membrane-embedded proton-transporting base (F0 unit). Units connected by rotor
shaft and stator
Look at Diagram to study!!!
Electron transport process - ANSWER-Electrons are passed from complex to
complex, each time having less potential energy as energy is released in each
reaction. Hydrogen stored in intermembrane space creating strong electrochemical
gradient.
Chemiosmosis - ANSWER-F0 unit is a rotor that turns as protons flow into it.
Spinning changes conformation of F1 unit so that it phosphorylates ADP to form
ATP.
Prokaryotes - ANSWER-Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotes - ANSWER-Cells that contain and membrane-bound nucleus
Three domains of life - ANSWER-Bacteria, Archaea, (prokaryotic) Eukarya
(eukaryotic)
Prokaryotes dominate the biosphere - ANSWER-Collective biomass outweighs all
eukaryotes
Microbiota - ANSWER-the term for the microbes that are normally present in and on
the human body; archaea, bacteria, fungus etc
Function of prokaryotes - ANSWER--Fix atmospheric molecular nitrogen by adding H
to it making it available to eukaryotes.
-Produce most of the oxygen required for eukaryotic cells
-Grow symbiotically with many plants and animals and influence their physiology
Cladogram - ANSWER-Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a
group of organisms
,Prokaryotic cell facts to know - ANSWER--Very very small
-Cell wall external to cell membrane
-No membrane-bound compartment
prokaryotic nucleoid - ANSWER-One supercooled chromosome sound in nucleoid
region.
Protein fibers - ANSWER-Form the bacterial cytoskeleton. Assists in cell division,
maintains cell shape eg. Z-ring (contracts to divide cytoplasm)
Eurkaryote key differences from prokaryotes - ANSWER-1) larger
2) chromosomes in nucleus
3) cytoplasm compartmentalised into membrane-bound organelles
Nuclear envelope - ANSWER-Two membranes, lipid bilayers, one is continuous with
ER. Inside layer linked to fibrous proteins to fork nuclear lamina. Contains main
nuclear pores
Nuclear lamina - ANSWER-A lattice-like sheet of fibrous protiens, that Lines the
inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, stiffening the envelope and helping to
organize the chromosomes by providing attachment points
Nuclear pores - ANSWER-Openings in the nuclear envelope that control the
movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Eg. RNA made in
nucleus is allowed out
Nuclear pore complex - ANSWER-Bound to nuclear lamina and spans both
membranes of nuclear envelope, gatekeeper
Allowed into Nucleus - ANSWER-1) proteins need a 'tag', specific sequence of 17
amino acids (Nuclear Localisation Signal NLS) will be allowed through pores.
Primary sequence of tags vary with cell type
endomembrane system - ANSWER-Primary system for protein and lipid synthesis.
Smooth and rough ER, Golgi apparatus and Vesicles. Temporal and special
continuity. All energy-demanding and rightly regulated
Secretory pathway - ANSWER-
pulse chase assay - ANSWER-Used to track protein movement within a cell.
Pulse - ANSWER-experimental cells exposed to high concentration of radioactivity
labelled amino acid for a short time
Chase - ANSWER-Modified amino acids are removed, replaced by normal amino
acids. Proteins produced are not radioactive
signal hypothesis - ANSWER-Predicts that proteins bound for the endomembrane
system have a molecular address tag that directs the growing polypeptide to enter
, the ER. 'Postal code' ER sequence binds to a signal recognition particle (SRP) which
binds to a receptor on the ER membrane
RER lumen - ANSWER--interior of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-ribosomes here
-proteins folded and may be glycosylated (carbohydrates attached)
Lysosomes - ANSWER-Bags of enzymes and acid that digest things inside them,
releasing the parts
actin filaments (microfilaments) - ANSWER-protein fibers that play a role in cell
division and shape, movements particularly for plant cells, act as cables for myosin
to follow along through the cell
intermediate filaments - ANSWER-Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that
are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments that provide strength and support. Make
up nuclear lamina and keratin
Microtubules - ANSWER-Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a hollow
tubelike structure of tubulin. Have polarity, are dynamic and provide stability and
involved in movement, act as tracks for transport vesicles travelling through cell
(requires energy)
microtubule organizing center - ANSWER-Where microtubules grow. Called
centrosome in animal cells.
Kinesin - ANSWER-a motor protein that converts chemical energy in ATP into
mechanical work
Cilia - ANSWER-Short filament-like projections
Flagella - ANSWER-Long hairlike projections from the cell surface that move cells or
move fluid past cells
Concrete (the ground substance) - ANSWER-Resists compression
Steel rods (the fibres) - ANSWER-Resist tension
The Extracellular matrix (ECM) - ANSWER-Amino and comparison vary depending
upon cell type. Cells stick together by connecting their ECMs via cell adhesion
molecules (CAMS)
Collagen - ANSWER-Most common protein in body; strong, flexible, inelastic
ground substance - ANSWER-Many polysaccharides, acids and other molecule
should
Phytosterols - ANSWER-Plant equivalent of cholesterol, toxic to animals
Cytoskeleton-integrins- ECM - ANSWER-Ex actin-interim-fibronectin-collagen
Questions with Verified Answers
Cofactors - ANSWER-inorganic ions such as Zn 2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ that reversible
interact with enzymes (organisms require these minerals in diet)
Coenzymes - ANSWER-Organic molecules like NADH or FADH2 that interact with
enzymes (some are required in diet and called vitamins)
prosthetic groups - ANSWER-Coenzymes permanently, covalently bound to
enzymes
ATP - ANSWER-Form of energy used most often inside cells
Unstable, most cells make it all the time by obtaining glucose through
photosynthesis (plants) or from food
Glycogen - ANSWER-Animals store glucose as
Starch - ANSWER-Plants store glucose as
4 steps of cellular respiration - ANSWER-1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate processing
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Pyruvate processing - ANSWER-Pyruvate is oxidised to form Acetyl CoA
Citrix acid cycle - ANSWER-Acetyl CoA is oxidised to CO2.
Electron transport and chemiosmosis - ANSWER-compounds that were reduced in
steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production
Glycolysis - ANSWER-Glucose (6) is broken down to pyrovate (2x3) occurs in
cytoplasm . Glucose split in half, each half is phosphorylated, 2 ATP spent
substrate-level phosphorylation - ANSWER-ATP is made by transferring a
phosphate directly from an intermediate substrate to ATP
Oxidative ohosphorylation - ANSWER-In step 4, a proton gradient provides energy
for ATP production, membrane protein ATO synthase uses this energy to
phosphorylate ADP to form ATP
,Glycolysis summary - ANSWER-Occurs in every prokaryote and eukaryotes group)
regulated by controlling production or activation of enzymes. Spend 2 ATP, end
gives you 4 ATP. Net of 2 ATP produced.
Catabolic pathways - ANSWER-Cause breakdowns of molecules, can harvest stored
chemical energy to produce ATP
Anabolic pathways - ANSWER-Result in the synthesis of larger molecules from
smaller components
Often use energy in the form of ATP.
Fasting - ANSWER-Cells will first use carbohydrates, then fats, then proteins
Steps 2 -3 occur in - ANSWER-Mitochondria of eukaryotes
ATP synthase structure - ANSWER-Enzyme complex. ATPase 'knob' (F1 unit)
A membrane-embedded proton-transporting base (F0 unit). Units connected by rotor
shaft and stator
Look at Diagram to study!!!
Electron transport process - ANSWER-Electrons are passed from complex to
complex, each time having less potential energy as energy is released in each
reaction. Hydrogen stored in intermembrane space creating strong electrochemical
gradient.
Chemiosmosis - ANSWER-F0 unit is a rotor that turns as protons flow into it.
Spinning changes conformation of F1 unit so that it phosphorylates ADP to form
ATP.
Prokaryotes - ANSWER-Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotes - ANSWER-Cells that contain and membrane-bound nucleus
Three domains of life - ANSWER-Bacteria, Archaea, (prokaryotic) Eukarya
(eukaryotic)
Prokaryotes dominate the biosphere - ANSWER-Collective biomass outweighs all
eukaryotes
Microbiota - ANSWER-the term for the microbes that are normally present in and on
the human body; archaea, bacteria, fungus etc
Function of prokaryotes - ANSWER--Fix atmospheric molecular nitrogen by adding H
to it making it available to eukaryotes.
-Produce most of the oxygen required for eukaryotic cells
-Grow symbiotically with many plants and animals and influence their physiology
Cladogram - ANSWER-Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a
group of organisms
,Prokaryotic cell facts to know - ANSWER--Very very small
-Cell wall external to cell membrane
-No membrane-bound compartment
prokaryotic nucleoid - ANSWER-One supercooled chromosome sound in nucleoid
region.
Protein fibers - ANSWER-Form the bacterial cytoskeleton. Assists in cell division,
maintains cell shape eg. Z-ring (contracts to divide cytoplasm)
Eurkaryote key differences from prokaryotes - ANSWER-1) larger
2) chromosomes in nucleus
3) cytoplasm compartmentalised into membrane-bound organelles
Nuclear envelope - ANSWER-Two membranes, lipid bilayers, one is continuous with
ER. Inside layer linked to fibrous proteins to fork nuclear lamina. Contains main
nuclear pores
Nuclear lamina - ANSWER-A lattice-like sheet of fibrous protiens, that Lines the
inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, stiffening the envelope and helping to
organize the chromosomes by providing attachment points
Nuclear pores - ANSWER-Openings in the nuclear envelope that control the
movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Eg. RNA made in
nucleus is allowed out
Nuclear pore complex - ANSWER-Bound to nuclear lamina and spans both
membranes of nuclear envelope, gatekeeper
Allowed into Nucleus - ANSWER-1) proteins need a 'tag', specific sequence of 17
amino acids (Nuclear Localisation Signal NLS) will be allowed through pores.
Primary sequence of tags vary with cell type
endomembrane system - ANSWER-Primary system for protein and lipid synthesis.
Smooth and rough ER, Golgi apparatus and Vesicles. Temporal and special
continuity. All energy-demanding and rightly regulated
Secretory pathway - ANSWER-
pulse chase assay - ANSWER-Used to track protein movement within a cell.
Pulse - ANSWER-experimental cells exposed to high concentration of radioactivity
labelled amino acid for a short time
Chase - ANSWER-Modified amino acids are removed, replaced by normal amino
acids. Proteins produced are not radioactive
signal hypothesis - ANSWER-Predicts that proteins bound for the endomembrane
system have a molecular address tag that directs the growing polypeptide to enter
, the ER. 'Postal code' ER sequence binds to a signal recognition particle (SRP) which
binds to a receptor on the ER membrane
RER lumen - ANSWER--interior of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-ribosomes here
-proteins folded and may be glycosylated (carbohydrates attached)
Lysosomes - ANSWER-Bags of enzymes and acid that digest things inside them,
releasing the parts
actin filaments (microfilaments) - ANSWER-protein fibers that play a role in cell
division and shape, movements particularly for plant cells, act as cables for myosin
to follow along through the cell
intermediate filaments - ANSWER-Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that
are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments that provide strength and support. Make
up nuclear lamina and keratin
Microtubules - ANSWER-Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a hollow
tubelike structure of tubulin. Have polarity, are dynamic and provide stability and
involved in movement, act as tracks for transport vesicles travelling through cell
(requires energy)
microtubule organizing center - ANSWER-Where microtubules grow. Called
centrosome in animal cells.
Kinesin - ANSWER-a motor protein that converts chemical energy in ATP into
mechanical work
Cilia - ANSWER-Short filament-like projections
Flagella - ANSWER-Long hairlike projections from the cell surface that move cells or
move fluid past cells
Concrete (the ground substance) - ANSWER-Resists compression
Steel rods (the fibres) - ANSWER-Resist tension
The Extracellular matrix (ECM) - ANSWER-Amino and comparison vary depending
upon cell type. Cells stick together by connecting their ECMs via cell adhesion
molecules (CAMS)
Collagen - ANSWER-Most common protein in body; strong, flexible, inelastic
ground substance - ANSWER-Many polysaccharides, acids and other molecule
should
Phytosterols - ANSWER-Plant equivalent of cholesterol, toxic to animals
Cytoskeleton-integrins- ECM - ANSWER-Ex actin-interim-fibronectin-collagen
