Biology 116 Midterm 1 Exam Questions
and Answers
Factors that influence the behaviour of the membrane? - ANSWER--number of
double bonds between carbon
-length of tail
-# of cholesterol molecules
-temperature
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein? - ANSWER-
primary= its unique sequence
secondary= H bonds form between peptide chains (alpha helix and beta pleated
sheets)
tertiary= interaction of R-groups
quaternary= bonding of 2 or more subunits
Integral proteins? - ANSWER-amphipathic, span the membrane- can integrate into
lipid bilayers
Peripheral proteins? - ANSWER-outer, inner, or anchored in membrane
Transmembrane proteins? - ANSWER-1) ion channels
2) carrier proteins or transporters
3) pumps
3 mechanisms of membrane transport? - ANSWER-1) Diffusion: passive
2) Facilitated diffusion: passive
3) Active transport: ATP required
glycolipid? - ANSWER-lipid with a carb attached
act as recognition sites for cell-cell interactions
Nucleus and nucleolus - ANSWER--surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear
envelope)
- ribosomes are made, genetic info (RNA), cell's chromosomes
Rough ER and lumen - ANSWER-membrane-bound tubes studded w/ ribosomes-
synthesize proteins
proteins are folded and glycosylated (carbs are attached) in lumen
Smooth ER - ANSWER--lacks ribosomes
-enzymes synthesize fatty acids and phospholipids or break down poisonous lipids.
-calcium ion storage
, Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER-series of stacked flat membranous sacs called
cisternae, cisternal maturation
processes, sorts and ships proteins delivered by membranous vesicle
creates lysosomes
Where do vesicles arrive and depart in the Golgi apparatus? - ANSWER-Vesicles
arrive at the cis face from the RER and leave at the trans face
Ribosomes - ANSWER--large and small subunits
-synthesize proteins
-attached to RER or floating in cytosol
What is the cytosol? - ANSWER-fluid part of the cytoplasm
Peroxisomes - ANSWER-globular organelles, contain enzymes that oxidize certain
molecules (F.A. and Amino Acids)
Lysosomes - ANSWER-contain digestive enzymes to remove waste, autophagy,
macromolecule digestion
How are materials delivered to lysosomes? - ANSWER-Autophagy: damaged
organelle fuses with lysosome
Phagocytosis: engulfing
Receptor: mediated endocytosis
Vacuoles - ANSWER--some are specialized for digestion
-storage of water and or ions to help cell maintain volume
Mitochondria - ANSWER--have own DNA and manufacture own ribosomes
-produce ATP
What are the two membranes of mitochondria? - ANSWER-Inner cristae=folded
series, sac-like
Mitochondrial matrix=solution inside cristae
Chloroplasts - ANSWER--specialized plastids
-double membrane, contain own DNA
-perform photosynthesis
Thylakoids? and solution outside thylakoids? - ANSWER--found in Chloroplasts
flattened vesicles stacked in piles called grana
-solution called storm outside thylakoids
Cell wall - ANSWER--primary component is cellulose in plants and algae and chitin
in fungi
What is a secondary cell wall? - ANSWER-Lignin
and Answers
Factors that influence the behaviour of the membrane? - ANSWER--number of
double bonds between carbon
-length of tail
-# of cholesterol molecules
-temperature
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein? - ANSWER-
primary= its unique sequence
secondary= H bonds form between peptide chains (alpha helix and beta pleated
sheets)
tertiary= interaction of R-groups
quaternary= bonding of 2 or more subunits
Integral proteins? - ANSWER-amphipathic, span the membrane- can integrate into
lipid bilayers
Peripheral proteins? - ANSWER-outer, inner, or anchored in membrane
Transmembrane proteins? - ANSWER-1) ion channels
2) carrier proteins or transporters
3) pumps
3 mechanisms of membrane transport? - ANSWER-1) Diffusion: passive
2) Facilitated diffusion: passive
3) Active transport: ATP required
glycolipid? - ANSWER-lipid with a carb attached
act as recognition sites for cell-cell interactions
Nucleus and nucleolus - ANSWER--surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear
envelope)
- ribosomes are made, genetic info (RNA), cell's chromosomes
Rough ER and lumen - ANSWER-membrane-bound tubes studded w/ ribosomes-
synthesize proteins
proteins are folded and glycosylated (carbs are attached) in lumen
Smooth ER - ANSWER--lacks ribosomes
-enzymes synthesize fatty acids and phospholipids or break down poisonous lipids.
-calcium ion storage
, Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER-series of stacked flat membranous sacs called
cisternae, cisternal maturation
processes, sorts and ships proteins delivered by membranous vesicle
creates lysosomes
Where do vesicles arrive and depart in the Golgi apparatus? - ANSWER-Vesicles
arrive at the cis face from the RER and leave at the trans face
Ribosomes - ANSWER--large and small subunits
-synthesize proteins
-attached to RER or floating in cytosol
What is the cytosol? - ANSWER-fluid part of the cytoplasm
Peroxisomes - ANSWER-globular organelles, contain enzymes that oxidize certain
molecules (F.A. and Amino Acids)
Lysosomes - ANSWER-contain digestive enzymes to remove waste, autophagy,
macromolecule digestion
How are materials delivered to lysosomes? - ANSWER-Autophagy: damaged
organelle fuses with lysosome
Phagocytosis: engulfing
Receptor: mediated endocytosis
Vacuoles - ANSWER--some are specialized for digestion
-storage of water and or ions to help cell maintain volume
Mitochondria - ANSWER--have own DNA and manufacture own ribosomes
-produce ATP
What are the two membranes of mitochondria? - ANSWER-Inner cristae=folded
series, sac-like
Mitochondrial matrix=solution inside cristae
Chloroplasts - ANSWER--specialized plastids
-double membrane, contain own DNA
-perform photosynthesis
Thylakoids? and solution outside thylakoids? - ANSWER--found in Chloroplasts
flattened vesicles stacked in piles called grana
-solution called storm outside thylakoids
Cell wall - ANSWER--primary component is cellulose in plants and algae and chitin
in fungi
What is a secondary cell wall? - ANSWER-Lignin
