Biology 116 Mini Exam 1 - Miami
University Questions and Answers
Water Properties - ANSWER-all caused by hydrogen bonds:
-surface tension
-cohesion and adhesion
-support
-dehydration and hydrolysis
Dehydration - ANSWER-removing H2O to create larger polymers
Hydrolysis - ANSWER-breaking large polymers by adding H2O
Organic - ANSWER-carbon and hydrogen bonded; abundant in living and formerly
living organisms
Macromolecules - ANSWER-large biological molecules:
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
Carbon - ANSWER-has 4 unpaired elections in the outer shell, allowing it to bond
with 4 other molecules; form polar and non-polar bonds
Functional Groups - ANSWER-side groups bonded to carbon chains; have special
characteristics
Polymer - ANSWER-a chain of repeating, not necessarily identical units
Carbohydrates - ANSWER-made of C, H, and O [Cn(H2O)n]; monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Monosaccharide - ANSWER-simplest sugars; very soluble, common energy source;
often pentose or hexoses; ring or linear
Pentose - ANSWER-5 carbon sugar (ex. ribose, deoxyribose)
Hexose - ANSWER-6 carbon sugar (ex. glucose)
Disaccharide - ANSWER-2 monosaccharides; made through dehydration (ex.
glucose + fructose - H2O = sucrose)
Polysaccharide - ANSWER-many monosaccharides; role is based on the structure:
, - long term storage (ex. starch, glycogen)
- structure (ex. cellulose)
Lipids - ANSWER-non-polar, hydrophobic; longterm energy storage (fats,
triglycerides), membrane structure (phospholipids), hormones (steroids), fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acid Chains - ANSWER-the fatty acid is a straight bond (usually
solid); max # of hydrogens
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Chains - ANSWER-a double bond causes a kink in the chain
Phospholipids - ANSWER-crucial for membrane structure; amphipathic
Steroids - ANSWER-4 fused rings; critical signaling molecules; control gene activities
(ex. puberty); planar structure; cholesterol (can be converted to other steroids by
modifying side groups, like estrogen and testosterone, also used in membranes
Proteins - ANSWER-made from C, H, O, and N, S in some essential amino acid; 20
amino acid building blocks; uses include DNA replication (ASE) and enzymes; found
in food, skin, and muscles; polypeptides; structure is extremely important
Polypeptide - ANSWER-a linear chain of amino acids; each amino acid has a side
group that interacts with other amino acids and the order is determined by the DNA
Protein Structure - ANSWER-bad things can happen if the structure is impaired, it
messes with the function of the protein; follows a hierarchy
Primary Structure (of proteins) - ANSWER-order of the amino acids in a protein
Secondary Structure (of proteins) - ANSWER-repeating pattern determined by
chemical and physical properties of amino acids; alpha helix (corkscrew) and beta
strand (beta pleated strand)
Tertiary Structure (of proteins) - ANSWER-complex 3D structure, folds itself, allows
portions of proteins @ long distances to interact
Quaternary Structure (of proteins) - ANSWER-interactions of multiple polypeptides;
not part of all proteins (ex. collagen, hemoglobin)
5 Factors Promoting Protein Folding and Stability - ANSWER-1. H-bonds
2. Ionic bonds
3. Hydrophobic effects
4. Van der Waals forces (atoms with weak attraction @ optimal distance)
5. Disulfide brides (covalent bonds)
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER-building blocks for DNA and RNA (sugar + phosphate +
nitrogen base); covalent bonds; sugar 5 carbon ring (deoxyribose - DNA; ribose
RNA); nitrogen bases [cytosine, thymine (only DNA), uracil (only RNA), adenine,
guanine]
University Questions and Answers
Water Properties - ANSWER-all caused by hydrogen bonds:
-surface tension
-cohesion and adhesion
-support
-dehydration and hydrolysis
Dehydration - ANSWER-removing H2O to create larger polymers
Hydrolysis - ANSWER-breaking large polymers by adding H2O
Organic - ANSWER-carbon and hydrogen bonded; abundant in living and formerly
living organisms
Macromolecules - ANSWER-large biological molecules:
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
Carbon - ANSWER-has 4 unpaired elections in the outer shell, allowing it to bond
with 4 other molecules; form polar and non-polar bonds
Functional Groups - ANSWER-side groups bonded to carbon chains; have special
characteristics
Polymer - ANSWER-a chain of repeating, not necessarily identical units
Carbohydrates - ANSWER-made of C, H, and O [Cn(H2O)n]; monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Monosaccharide - ANSWER-simplest sugars; very soluble, common energy source;
often pentose or hexoses; ring or linear
Pentose - ANSWER-5 carbon sugar (ex. ribose, deoxyribose)
Hexose - ANSWER-6 carbon sugar (ex. glucose)
Disaccharide - ANSWER-2 monosaccharides; made through dehydration (ex.
glucose + fructose - H2O = sucrose)
Polysaccharide - ANSWER-many monosaccharides; role is based on the structure:
, - long term storage (ex. starch, glycogen)
- structure (ex. cellulose)
Lipids - ANSWER-non-polar, hydrophobic; longterm energy storage (fats,
triglycerides), membrane structure (phospholipids), hormones (steroids), fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acid Chains - ANSWER-the fatty acid is a straight bond (usually
solid); max # of hydrogens
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Chains - ANSWER-a double bond causes a kink in the chain
Phospholipids - ANSWER-crucial for membrane structure; amphipathic
Steroids - ANSWER-4 fused rings; critical signaling molecules; control gene activities
(ex. puberty); planar structure; cholesterol (can be converted to other steroids by
modifying side groups, like estrogen and testosterone, also used in membranes
Proteins - ANSWER-made from C, H, O, and N, S in some essential amino acid; 20
amino acid building blocks; uses include DNA replication (ASE) and enzymes; found
in food, skin, and muscles; polypeptides; structure is extremely important
Polypeptide - ANSWER-a linear chain of amino acids; each amino acid has a side
group that interacts with other amino acids and the order is determined by the DNA
Protein Structure - ANSWER-bad things can happen if the structure is impaired, it
messes with the function of the protein; follows a hierarchy
Primary Structure (of proteins) - ANSWER-order of the amino acids in a protein
Secondary Structure (of proteins) - ANSWER-repeating pattern determined by
chemical and physical properties of amino acids; alpha helix (corkscrew) and beta
strand (beta pleated strand)
Tertiary Structure (of proteins) - ANSWER-complex 3D structure, folds itself, allows
portions of proteins @ long distances to interact
Quaternary Structure (of proteins) - ANSWER-interactions of multiple polypeptides;
not part of all proteins (ex. collagen, hemoglobin)
5 Factors Promoting Protein Folding and Stability - ANSWER-1. H-bonds
2. Ionic bonds
3. Hydrophobic effects
4. Van der Waals forces (atoms with weak attraction @ optimal distance)
5. Disulfide brides (covalent bonds)
Nucleic Acids - ANSWER-building blocks for DNA and RNA (sugar + phosphate +
nitrogen base); covalent bonds; sugar 5 carbon ring (deoxyribose - DNA; ribose
RNA); nitrogen bases [cytosine, thymine (only DNA), uracil (only RNA), adenine,
guanine]
