APHON Overview Questions & Correct
and Verified Answers.Latest
update2025/2026 Graded A+, Exams of
Nursing
biotherapy - CORRECT ANSWERS modality of tx: agents that resemble body's own defense and
surveillance systems. can augment/modulate/restore host's immune response, direct antitumor activity,
other biological effects. side effects typically hypersensitivity rx
immune surveillance - CORRECT ANSWERS tumor cells express abnormal tumor antigens on
surface that can be recognized/destroyed by immune system
natural killer cells - CORRECT ANSWERS lymphocyte that recognizes/kills malignant cells
cytotoxic t cells - CORRECT ANSWERS recognize tumor-assosiated antigens and kills cells
interferons - CORRECT ANSWERS multiple moa's & produced w/ recombinant dna.
protein capable of protecting other cells from viral infections by interfering w/ viral replication.
family of glycoproteins include: antiviral, antiproliferative, potent immunomodulatory effects
cytokines - CORRECT ANSWERS products of immune cells to enhance cytotoxic activity of cells
and increase immune response
alpha-interferon - CORRECT ANSWERS leukocyte-derived. tx: hairy cell leukemia, melanoma,
chronic myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
beta-interferon - CORRECT ANSWERS fibroblast-derived. tx MS
,gamma-interferon - CORRECT ANSWERS t-lymphocyte derived. tx chronic granulomatus
disease
interleukin-2 - CORRECT ANSWERS produced by t-helper cells & stimulate growth/maturation
of t-cell subsets, cytotoxic t-cells, production of lymphokines & cytokines.
act as chemical signals b/w wbc's (revs up immune system)
retinoids - CORRECT ANSWERS immunomodulators that facilitate differentiation & suppress
proliferation of cancer cells
all-trans retinoic acid (atra) - CORRECT ANSWERS tx: aml, aml m3 subtype, apl
increase maturation of promyelocytic blasts and rapid resolution of coagulopathy r/t tx.
isotretinoin (accutane) - CORRECT ANSWERS retinoid tx neuroblastoma.
have antitumor activity unknown moa. TERATOGENIC. male/female pt must register iPledge (fetal
exposure). can also affect hearing & vision
antibodies - CORRECT ANSWERS proteins produced by b-lymphocytes. part of humoral
immunity of adaptive system. includes immunoglobulins (igG, igA, igM, igE, igD)
murine - CORRECT ANSWERS mouse-derived MoAbs. pt develops human antimouse antibodies
creating high risk of hypersensitivity rx
end in -momab
Monoclonal antibodies - CORRECT ANSWERS very specific. directed against single antigenic
determinant on cell surface causing antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, direct cell death, elimination
of antigen/target cell that expresses the antigen
low toxicity
,-ximab - CORRECT ANSWERS moab combo of human & mouse antibodies
-zumab - CORRECT ANSWERS moab humanized, small part of mouse antibody fused w/ human
antibody
-umab - CORRECT ANSWERS fully humanized moabs
chimeric moab - CORRECT ANSWERS murine variable & human constant coupled using
recombinant dna
purpose of moabs - CORRECT ANSWERS attach low-dose radioisotopes to image residual
disease. target chemo, radiation, biotherapy to tumor
purge autologous bone marrow of cancer cells before transplant
selectively remove t cells responsible for gvhd from marrow prior to allogenic transplant
efficacy increased w/ chemo or radioactive substances
rituximab - CORRECT ANSWERS tx relapsed/refractory b-cell lymphoma, cd20+, non-hodgkins
lymphoma (w/ chop), posttransplant lymphoproliferative d/o, & chronic gvhd
rituximab moa - CORRECT ANSWERS act on CD20 antigen on surface of normal/malignant b
lymphocytes and works w/ immune system to induce b-cell lysis
radiopharmaceuticals - CORRECT ANSWERS moabs that have radioactive source attached for
cancer killing effect
ibritumomab tiuxetan (zevalin) - CORRECT ANSWERS radiopharmaceutical tx relapse/refractory
low-grade follicular or transformed b-cell non-hodgkins lymphoma
, rituximab + ibritumomab tiuxetan - CORRECT ANSWERS target cd20 protein on b-cells. given
prior to high dose of radiation. causes increased toxicity and severe infusion rx
tositumomab + iodine 131 tositumomab (bexxar) - CORRECT ANSWERS tx cd20+ follicular non-
hodgkin's lymphoma. moa: recognizes marker and signals immune response then radioactive source
locks on to moab, delivers radiation directly to cd20 marked cells and kills lymphoma b-cells
hematopoietic growth factors - CORRECT ANSWERS regulate different levels of hematopoietic
cascade. aka colony stimulating factors. primarily used for symptom management & expedited recovery
from chemo-induced bone marrow suppression
Colony Stimulating Factors - CORRECT ANSWERS ptns that support hematopoiesis. decrease
myelosuppression, accelerate recovery from bmt, tx infections/parasitic diseases, help w/ pancytopenia
gcsf (filgrastim) - CORRECT ANSWERS stimulates neutrophil colonies to enhance phagocytic
activity and antibody-dependent killing tendency. starting dose 5 mcg/kg/day
neulasta (pegfilgrastim) - CORRECT ANSWERS long-acting gcsf. given 24h post chemo. given
once per chemo cycle. max dose is 6mg. kids <45kg dose is 0.1mg/kg
gm-csf (granulocyte macrophage csf; sargramostim) - CORRECT ANSWERS given post bmt w/
non-hodgkins lymphoma, all, hodgkins disease. dose: 250 mcg/kg/day. typically iv over 2h for 21 days.
broader prod of neutrophil & monocyte colonies
epoetin alfa - CORRECT ANSWERS hormone produced naturally by kidneys in response to
decrease O2 levels. stimulates precursor cells in marrow to produce rbcs. dose 150 u/kg 3x/week
darbepoetin (aranesp) - CORRECT ANSWERS long-acting epoetin. given weekly. dose
0.45mcg/kg sq. titrate dosing to not get hgb >12
and Verified Answers.Latest
update2025/2026 Graded A+, Exams of
Nursing
biotherapy - CORRECT ANSWERS modality of tx: agents that resemble body's own defense and
surveillance systems. can augment/modulate/restore host's immune response, direct antitumor activity,
other biological effects. side effects typically hypersensitivity rx
immune surveillance - CORRECT ANSWERS tumor cells express abnormal tumor antigens on
surface that can be recognized/destroyed by immune system
natural killer cells - CORRECT ANSWERS lymphocyte that recognizes/kills malignant cells
cytotoxic t cells - CORRECT ANSWERS recognize tumor-assosiated antigens and kills cells
interferons - CORRECT ANSWERS multiple moa's & produced w/ recombinant dna.
protein capable of protecting other cells from viral infections by interfering w/ viral replication.
family of glycoproteins include: antiviral, antiproliferative, potent immunomodulatory effects
cytokines - CORRECT ANSWERS products of immune cells to enhance cytotoxic activity of cells
and increase immune response
alpha-interferon - CORRECT ANSWERS leukocyte-derived. tx: hairy cell leukemia, melanoma,
chronic myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
beta-interferon - CORRECT ANSWERS fibroblast-derived. tx MS
,gamma-interferon - CORRECT ANSWERS t-lymphocyte derived. tx chronic granulomatus
disease
interleukin-2 - CORRECT ANSWERS produced by t-helper cells & stimulate growth/maturation
of t-cell subsets, cytotoxic t-cells, production of lymphokines & cytokines.
act as chemical signals b/w wbc's (revs up immune system)
retinoids - CORRECT ANSWERS immunomodulators that facilitate differentiation & suppress
proliferation of cancer cells
all-trans retinoic acid (atra) - CORRECT ANSWERS tx: aml, aml m3 subtype, apl
increase maturation of promyelocytic blasts and rapid resolution of coagulopathy r/t tx.
isotretinoin (accutane) - CORRECT ANSWERS retinoid tx neuroblastoma.
have antitumor activity unknown moa. TERATOGENIC. male/female pt must register iPledge (fetal
exposure). can also affect hearing & vision
antibodies - CORRECT ANSWERS proteins produced by b-lymphocytes. part of humoral
immunity of adaptive system. includes immunoglobulins (igG, igA, igM, igE, igD)
murine - CORRECT ANSWERS mouse-derived MoAbs. pt develops human antimouse antibodies
creating high risk of hypersensitivity rx
end in -momab
Monoclonal antibodies - CORRECT ANSWERS very specific. directed against single antigenic
determinant on cell surface causing antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, direct cell death, elimination
of antigen/target cell that expresses the antigen
low toxicity
,-ximab - CORRECT ANSWERS moab combo of human & mouse antibodies
-zumab - CORRECT ANSWERS moab humanized, small part of mouse antibody fused w/ human
antibody
-umab - CORRECT ANSWERS fully humanized moabs
chimeric moab - CORRECT ANSWERS murine variable & human constant coupled using
recombinant dna
purpose of moabs - CORRECT ANSWERS attach low-dose radioisotopes to image residual
disease. target chemo, radiation, biotherapy to tumor
purge autologous bone marrow of cancer cells before transplant
selectively remove t cells responsible for gvhd from marrow prior to allogenic transplant
efficacy increased w/ chemo or radioactive substances
rituximab - CORRECT ANSWERS tx relapsed/refractory b-cell lymphoma, cd20+, non-hodgkins
lymphoma (w/ chop), posttransplant lymphoproliferative d/o, & chronic gvhd
rituximab moa - CORRECT ANSWERS act on CD20 antigen on surface of normal/malignant b
lymphocytes and works w/ immune system to induce b-cell lysis
radiopharmaceuticals - CORRECT ANSWERS moabs that have radioactive source attached for
cancer killing effect
ibritumomab tiuxetan (zevalin) - CORRECT ANSWERS radiopharmaceutical tx relapse/refractory
low-grade follicular or transformed b-cell non-hodgkins lymphoma
, rituximab + ibritumomab tiuxetan - CORRECT ANSWERS target cd20 protein on b-cells. given
prior to high dose of radiation. causes increased toxicity and severe infusion rx
tositumomab + iodine 131 tositumomab (bexxar) - CORRECT ANSWERS tx cd20+ follicular non-
hodgkin's lymphoma. moa: recognizes marker and signals immune response then radioactive source
locks on to moab, delivers radiation directly to cd20 marked cells and kills lymphoma b-cells
hematopoietic growth factors - CORRECT ANSWERS regulate different levels of hematopoietic
cascade. aka colony stimulating factors. primarily used for symptom management & expedited recovery
from chemo-induced bone marrow suppression
Colony Stimulating Factors - CORRECT ANSWERS ptns that support hematopoiesis. decrease
myelosuppression, accelerate recovery from bmt, tx infections/parasitic diseases, help w/ pancytopenia
gcsf (filgrastim) - CORRECT ANSWERS stimulates neutrophil colonies to enhance phagocytic
activity and antibody-dependent killing tendency. starting dose 5 mcg/kg/day
neulasta (pegfilgrastim) - CORRECT ANSWERS long-acting gcsf. given 24h post chemo. given
once per chemo cycle. max dose is 6mg. kids <45kg dose is 0.1mg/kg
gm-csf (granulocyte macrophage csf; sargramostim) - CORRECT ANSWERS given post bmt w/
non-hodgkins lymphoma, all, hodgkins disease. dose: 250 mcg/kg/day. typically iv over 2h for 21 days.
broader prod of neutrophil & monocyte colonies
epoetin alfa - CORRECT ANSWERS hormone produced naturally by kidneys in response to
decrease O2 levels. stimulates precursor cells in marrow to produce rbcs. dose 150 u/kg 3x/week
darbepoetin (aranesp) - CORRECT ANSWERS long-acting epoetin. given weekly. dose
0.45mcg/kg sq. titrate dosing to not get hgb >12
