HS 3400 Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
Actors correct answers - Politicians
- Bureaucrats
- Other actors
Advocacy coalition framework
[D.C.C.C.] correct answers * Doesn't occur very often
- Sabatier's Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)
- Distinct set of rules, beliefs, and resources, high agree. policy
issue, diff. ideas on how to deal
- Continuous process - adapted as it is implemented
- More political than a bottom-up approach (compromise)
- Communities of actors and networks form coalitions
E.g., politicians, civil servants, organizations, researchers,
journalists
Alma ata declaration 1978 correct answers - Primary HC is the
basis of the HC system and every country should have adequate
primary HC accessible to pop.
Barriers to use of Rx
[F.C.U.R.R.T.] correct answers - Political & ideological factors
E.g., gov't perspective on researcher
- Communication and reputation
E.g., researcher, journal, funding, quality of study all affect
policy maker view of the researcher
- Policy and scientific uncertainty
E.g., dif. to attribute outcome to particular policy
- Different conceptions of risk
E.g., inv. may assess their risk of harm differently
,- Perceived utility of research
E.g., Rx may be viewed as more useful at different stages of the
policy process
- Timing
E.g., policy and Rx timing may not (rarely) align
Bottom-up approaches correct answers - Awareness that those
affected by policy should be involved in its implementation
* Principle of affected interests
- "Street Level Bureaucrats" - study of advocates for clients in
the social welfare system
* Can interpret and reshape policy to meet client's needs
- Bring affected early and consider impact of policy
- Citizen engagement processes align well with bottom-up
approaches
Bureaucrats correct answers - Civil servants in Ministries
- Departments within ministries responsible for policy
implementation
- Experts who work on policy
Cancer advocacy coalition of Canada correct answers -
Influence national, independent, objective advocacy org.
publishing authoritative assessm. of cancer to help shape
constructive change
- Made up of individuals and companies
Challenges in evaluation correct answers -
Technical/organizational challenges
- Political challenges
,Challenges in PHC
[S.P.I.T.E.E.T.] correct answers - System complexity
E.g., incremental and pluralistic approach to PHC reform
- Physician engagement
E.g., concerns about the impact of reforms
- Requirements for investment
E.g., substantial costs to achieve reforms
- Teamwork
E.g., adjustments in trad. role of physicians
- Equity
E.g., inequities in access to care, urban vs rural
- Evidence-informed decision making
E.g., focus of performance measurement and evaluation
- Transformative potential
E.g., invest. have strength. infrastructure of PHC
Change in the PHC workforce correct answers - Inc. in
education spaces for medical and nursing schools
- Inc. emphasis on PHC
New roles:
- NP
- Midwives
- PA
Changing models of care correct answers - Group practices -
24/7 access to care
- Patient enrolment - patients part of a consistent PHC team
- Remuneration for physicians
(FFS to other models of payment - salary, capitation, blended
models)
, - Evaluation of changing models are mixed (24/7 access, chronic
disease management, health promo/disease prev. pay for
performance bonuses)
- Some successes (lower ER use, Tx more complex patients, saw
more patients) but more evaluation is required
Data & information for policy evaluation correct answers
Primary and secondary data:
- Existing or new data
Qualitative and quantitative data:
- Focus groups, interviews
- Surveys, administrative databases
Data sources:
- Government data
- External to government
Electronic health record correct answers - Use of EHR by
physicians varies across Canada
(Alberta - 56%; PEI - ~13%)
- Federal and provincial incentives
- Integration beyond physician offices to link with hospital and
other sectors
- eHealth Ontario
Present: EHR has ind. info. with HP and prov. HC plan Future:
EHRs will include data from hospital information systems,
community care clinics and other providers as well.
Actors correct answers - Politicians
- Bureaucrats
- Other actors
Advocacy coalition framework
[D.C.C.C.] correct answers * Doesn't occur very often
- Sabatier's Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)
- Distinct set of rules, beliefs, and resources, high agree. policy
issue, diff. ideas on how to deal
- Continuous process - adapted as it is implemented
- More political than a bottom-up approach (compromise)
- Communities of actors and networks form coalitions
E.g., politicians, civil servants, organizations, researchers,
journalists
Alma ata declaration 1978 correct answers - Primary HC is the
basis of the HC system and every country should have adequate
primary HC accessible to pop.
Barriers to use of Rx
[F.C.U.R.R.T.] correct answers - Political & ideological factors
E.g., gov't perspective on researcher
- Communication and reputation
E.g., researcher, journal, funding, quality of study all affect
policy maker view of the researcher
- Policy and scientific uncertainty
E.g., dif. to attribute outcome to particular policy
- Different conceptions of risk
E.g., inv. may assess their risk of harm differently
,- Perceived utility of research
E.g., Rx may be viewed as more useful at different stages of the
policy process
- Timing
E.g., policy and Rx timing may not (rarely) align
Bottom-up approaches correct answers - Awareness that those
affected by policy should be involved in its implementation
* Principle of affected interests
- "Street Level Bureaucrats" - study of advocates for clients in
the social welfare system
* Can interpret and reshape policy to meet client's needs
- Bring affected early and consider impact of policy
- Citizen engagement processes align well with bottom-up
approaches
Bureaucrats correct answers - Civil servants in Ministries
- Departments within ministries responsible for policy
implementation
- Experts who work on policy
Cancer advocacy coalition of Canada correct answers -
Influence national, independent, objective advocacy org.
publishing authoritative assessm. of cancer to help shape
constructive change
- Made up of individuals and companies
Challenges in evaluation correct answers -
Technical/organizational challenges
- Political challenges
,Challenges in PHC
[S.P.I.T.E.E.T.] correct answers - System complexity
E.g., incremental and pluralistic approach to PHC reform
- Physician engagement
E.g., concerns about the impact of reforms
- Requirements for investment
E.g., substantial costs to achieve reforms
- Teamwork
E.g., adjustments in trad. role of physicians
- Equity
E.g., inequities in access to care, urban vs rural
- Evidence-informed decision making
E.g., focus of performance measurement and evaluation
- Transformative potential
E.g., invest. have strength. infrastructure of PHC
Change in the PHC workforce correct answers - Inc. in
education spaces for medical and nursing schools
- Inc. emphasis on PHC
New roles:
- NP
- Midwives
- PA
Changing models of care correct answers - Group practices -
24/7 access to care
- Patient enrolment - patients part of a consistent PHC team
- Remuneration for physicians
(FFS to other models of payment - salary, capitation, blended
models)
, - Evaluation of changing models are mixed (24/7 access, chronic
disease management, health promo/disease prev. pay for
performance bonuses)
- Some successes (lower ER use, Tx more complex patients, saw
more patients) but more evaluation is required
Data & information for policy evaluation correct answers
Primary and secondary data:
- Existing or new data
Qualitative and quantitative data:
- Focus groups, interviews
- Surveys, administrative databases
Data sources:
- Government data
- External to government
Electronic health record correct answers - Use of EHR by
physicians varies across Canada
(Alberta - 56%; PEI - ~13%)
- Federal and provincial incentives
- Integration beyond physician offices to link with hospital and
other sectors
- eHealth Ontario
Present: EHR has ind. info. with HP and prov. HC plan Future:
EHRs will include data from hospital information systems,
community care clinics and other providers as well.
