MIDTERM EXAM NR507/NR 507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY |QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS |2025
Question 1
pts
What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
• Globulin
• Albumin
• Clotting factors
• Complement proteins.
Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4 g/dl) is the
most abundant plasma protein.
Incorrect Question 2
pts
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
• Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
• Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
• Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
• Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
squamous cell origin. These early-stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have not
broken through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers
to changes in mature cell structure.
,Question 3
pts
Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of
gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man?
• Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
• Gram-stain technique
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• DNA testing
Microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained slides of clinical specimens is deemed positive
for Neisseria gonorrhoeae if gram-negative diplococci with the typical “kidney bean”
morphologic appearance are found inside polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Such a finding is
considered adequate for the diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man. The other
options are not relevant to the diagnosis of this condition.
Question 4
pts
The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?
• Ovarian
• Uterine
• Cervical
• Vaginal
The Pap test, an examination of cervical epithelial scrapings, readily detects early oncogenic
human papillomavirus (HPV)infection. The Pap test is not used for screening the other cancer
sites listed.
Incorrect Question 5
pts
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
• Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Renal failure and Addison disease
• Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease
Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin
deficiency, Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis exists. The
other options are not known to be causes of hyperkalemia.
Question 6
, pts
What is the major concern regarding the treatment of gonococci infections?
• Development of antibiotic resistance
• Changes in virulence
• Changes in pathogenicity
• Mutations into different strains
Several types of drug-resistant strains have been identified; they are penicillinase-
producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG), which is resistant to penicillin; tetracycline-
resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG), which is resistant to tetracycline; chromosomal control of
mechanisms of resistance of N. gonorrhoeae (CMRNG), which is resistant to penicillin and
tetracycline; and increasingly a fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG). The other
options are not major concerns. NR507
Question 7
pts
Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an):
• Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
• Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person
• Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease.
• Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigen
Hypersensitivity is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or
damage to the host. The other options are not accurate definitions of hypersensitivity.
Question 8
pts
Which is present in childhood asthma?
• IgM
• IgG
• IgE
• IgA
Included in the long list of asthma-associated genes are those that code for increased levels of
immune and inflammatory mediators (e.g., interleukin [IL]–4, IgE, leukotrienes), nitric oxide,
and transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. None of the other options are
associated with childhood asthma.
Question 9
pts
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY |QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS |2025
Question 1
pts
What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
• Globulin
• Albumin
• Clotting factors
• Complement proteins.
Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4 g/dl) is the
most abundant plasma protein.
Incorrect Question 2
pts
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
• Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
• Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
• Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
• Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
squamous cell origin. These early-stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have not
broken through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers
to changes in mature cell structure.
,Question 3
pts
Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of
gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man?
• Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
• Gram-stain technique
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• DNA testing
Microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained slides of clinical specimens is deemed positive
for Neisseria gonorrhoeae if gram-negative diplococci with the typical “kidney bean”
morphologic appearance are found inside polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Such a finding is
considered adequate for the diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man. The other
options are not relevant to the diagnosis of this condition.
Question 4
pts
The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?
• Ovarian
• Uterine
• Cervical
• Vaginal
The Pap test, an examination of cervical epithelial scrapings, readily detects early oncogenic
human papillomavirus (HPV)infection. The Pap test is not used for screening the other cancer
sites listed.
Incorrect Question 5
pts
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
• Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Renal failure and Addison disease
• Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease
Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin
deficiency, Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis exists. The
other options are not known to be causes of hyperkalemia.
Question 6
, pts
What is the major concern regarding the treatment of gonococci infections?
• Development of antibiotic resistance
• Changes in virulence
• Changes in pathogenicity
• Mutations into different strains
Several types of drug-resistant strains have been identified; they are penicillinase-
producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG), which is resistant to penicillin; tetracycline-
resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG), which is resistant to tetracycline; chromosomal control of
mechanisms of resistance of N. gonorrhoeae (CMRNG), which is resistant to penicillin and
tetracycline; and increasingly a fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG). The other
options are not major concerns. NR507
Question 7
pts
Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an):
• Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
• Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person
• Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease.
• Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigen
Hypersensitivity is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or
damage to the host. The other options are not accurate definitions of hypersensitivity.
Question 8
pts
Which is present in childhood asthma?
• IgM
• IgG
• IgE
• IgA
Included in the long list of asthma-associated genes are those that code for increased levels of
immune and inflammatory mediators (e.g., interleukin [IL]–4, IgE, leukotrienes), nitric oxide,
and transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. None of the other options are
associated with childhood asthma.
Question 9
pts
