BISC 1005 Final QUESTIONS FULLY SOLVED 2026/27

USDA Organic Label - CORRECT ANSWER grown and processed using organic farming and the livestock and crops are not exposed to bioengineered genes Natural Label - CORRECT ANSWER free of food color, synthetic flavor, or any synthetic substance (not well regulated except for poultry and meats) GMOs - CORRECT ANSWER banned in 26 countries, legal in US but will eventually require ingredient label to say if it contains them Reactants - CORRECT ANSWER A starting material in a chemical reaction Products - CORRECT ANSWER Ending materials in a chemical reaction. Activation Energy - CORRECT ANSWER Energy needed to get a reaction started Enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in biological processes and lower energy of activation active site - CORRECT ANSWER The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs. Substrate binds to it Substrate - CORRECT ANSWER reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Binds to active site. ex: lactose binds to the enzyme lactase Anabolic - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules. Dehydration synthesis Catabolic - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which large molecules are broken down. Hydrolysis Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER catabolic and anabolic Metabolic pathways - CORRECT ANSWER a series of enzymatic reactions that converts one biological material to another. Digestion - CORRECT ANSWER ingest food - digestion occurs - separates usable nutrients and unabsorbable material (shitted out) - nutrients are absorbed and transported in bloodstream - uses molecules and ions from nutrients for maintenance and growth and gets energy from nutrients Digestion of carbs - CORRECT ANSWER get broken down into poly, then into di, and finally into monosaccharides because only simple sugars can pass from outside of membrane to inside Digestion of proteins - CORRECT ANSWER Broken down into di and tripeptides then into amino acids. A few di and tripeptides can cross plasma membrane Digestion of fats - CORRECT ANSWER Broken down into mono-glycerides or fatty acids because triglycerides are to large to be absorbed directly Digestion of minerals - CORRECT ANSWER ions can pass through plasma Mouth - CORRECT ANSWER ingest food using mucous, salivary, and amylase and absorb small molecules, mostly carbs Amylase - CORRECT ANSWER Breaks down starch Digestion organs - CORRECT ANSWER mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine Role of esophagus - CORRECT ANSWER has sphincters at both ends which control passage of food from mouth to stomach Role of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER digests proteins via denaturation (HCL) and pepsin (snips apart polypeptides into amino acids). Less than 10% of nutrients in food are absorbed Role of small intestine - CORRECT ANSWER digestion of all nutrients - pancreas and liver produce enzymes like HCI and bile to break down role of large intestine - CORRECT ANSWER uses mutualistic bacteria to digest various molecules and absorbs water and many vitamins and minerals Cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER all cells have it, separates cell from environment and serves as a selectively permeable membrane barrier. very selective of the things that come in. Phospholipid bilayed Digestive pathway - CORRECT ANSWER to digestive tub - digestive cells - blood - either storage or use Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER Movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration. can occur within one area or across membrane between two areas. Passive transport Rate of diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER heat and the concentration Passive Transport - CORRECT ANSWER downhill in energy. Movement from high concentration to low ex: diffusion Active transport - CORRECT ANSWER requires added energy. Movement from low concentration to high. Energy derived from ATP. Produces a concentration gradient Concentration gradient - CORRECT ANSWER A difference in the concentration of a substance a