BISC 1005- Final QUESTIONS ANSWERED AND GRADED || A+ RATED

Digestion(Biological Definition) - CORRECT ANSWER The process of breaking down food into its smallest biological components. After they are broke down, we later have absorption, where simple molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream and then the cell membrane Chemical Digestion - CORRECT ANSWER Chemical breakdown of food through enzyme/acids Mechanical Digestion - CORRECT ANSWER physical breakdown of food. Occurs mostly in the mouth, through teeth, tongue, and lips. Also occurs in esophagus through peristalsis Salivary Amylase (Substrate and Product) - CORRECT ANSWER Salivary amylase is found in the saliva, with enzyme-induced hydrolysis allowing carbohydrates(starches) to be broken down, with a small amount of these monosaccharides also being absorbed in the mouth Bolus - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva Chyme - CORRECT ANSWER Acidic liquid that forms after mixing bolus with gastric acid. Bolus is turned into chyme after it leave the stomach via the pyloric sphincter. Taste Bud Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER Taste is a series of chemical signals coming from taste and smell receptions. Taste buds send signal to the brain through the gustatory nerve. Oflactory bulb - CORRECT ANSWER Sense smell particles and send signals to the brain through the olfactory nerve Qualities of Taste - CORRECT ANSWER sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami Peristalsis - CORRECT ANSWER Involuntary, alternating contraction of gastrointestinal lining. Help move food through the esophagus(tube that ensures a one-way passage of food) Pepsin - CORRECT ANSWER Protease found in the stomach that breaks down proteins Stomach - CORRECT ANSWER Composed of rugae, which are ridges of folds in the walls of the organ. Mechanical digestion is done by the rugae and pyloric sphincter, while hydrochloric acid and pepsin perform chemical digestion. Mostly digests proteins, with 10% of nutrients absorbed from food, mostly amino acids and some alcohols. Pyloric Sphincter - CORRECT ANSWER Controls whether bolus/food enters the small intestine Villi/Microvilli(as a site of absorption) - CORRECT ANSWER Finger-like, found lining the walls of the small intestine. Folds/projections in the intestinal wall that increase the surface areas for absorption. More nutrients can absorb into the bloodstream if more cells are present in the intestinal wall. Microvilli help absorb nutrient Accessory/Secretion organs of the digestive system - CORRECT ANSWER Pancreas: uses hormones to regulate blood sugar (insulin and glucagon), and produces enzymes for digestion. Liver: produces bile, aids digestion of fats. Helps break down harmful substances into smaller parts while storing minerals and synthesizing proteins Large intestine/Anus - CORRECT ANSWER Large intestine: where most gut microbiome lives, primary function is water regulation for stool. Anus: control of the exit of solid waste. Liquid waste is filtered out of the bloodstream in the kidneys, waste products exit the body through urine. Bile - CORRECT ANSWER A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles. Cell Transport - CORRECT ANSWER The process of moving material in and out of cells. Passive Transport - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Done by aquaporins, special channel proteins. From area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration Simple Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER Movement from area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Rate of diffusion depends on head and concentrations. Simple diffusion is when small stuff, like any small gat and any small gas move. Requires no energy/help. Facilitated Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER Most hydrophilic substances cannot cross the cell m