,
,6 TH EDITION
Industrial and
Organizational Psychology
Research and Practice
PAUL E. SPECTOR
Department of Psychology
University of South Florida
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
, VP AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Jay O’Callaghan
SENIOR ACQUISITION EDITOR Robert Johnston
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Eileen McKeever
EDITORIAL PROGRAM ASSISTANT Mariah Maguire-Fong
SENIOR MARKETING MANAGER Danielle Hagey
MARKETING ASSISTANT Patrick Flatley
PHOTO EDITOR Sheena Goldstein
PRODUCTION MANAGER Janis Soo
ASSISTANT PRODUCTION EDITOR Elaine S. Chew
COVER DESIGNER Seng Peng Ngieng
COVER PHOTO CREDIT © Deco Images II/Alamy
This book was set in 10/12 Times by Laserwords Private Limited and printed and bound by RR Donnelley,
Jefferson City. The cover was printed by RR Donnelley, Jefferson City.
This book is printed on acid free paper.
Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for
more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our
company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and
where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address
the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are
addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and
among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website:
www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2006, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or
authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission
should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ
07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in
their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a
third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return
instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you
have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary
desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Spector, Paul E.
Industrial and organizational psychology : research and practice / Paul E. Spector. – 6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-94976-4 (hardback)
1. Psychology, Industrial. 2. Personnel management. I. Title.
HF5548.8.S625 2012
158.7--dc22
2011016567
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
,6 TH EDITION
Industrial and
Organizational Psychology
Research and Practice
PAUL E. SPECTOR
Department of Psychology
University of South Florida
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
, VP AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Jay O’Callaghan
SENIOR ACQUISITION EDITOR Robert Johnston
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Eileen McKeever
EDITORIAL PROGRAM ASSISTANT Mariah Maguire-Fong
SENIOR MARKETING MANAGER Danielle Hagey
MARKETING ASSISTANT Patrick Flatley
PHOTO EDITOR Sheena Goldstein
PRODUCTION MANAGER Janis Soo
ASSISTANT PRODUCTION EDITOR Elaine S. Chew
COVER DESIGNER Seng Peng Ngieng
COVER PHOTO CREDIT © Deco Images II/Alamy
This book was set in 10/12 Times by Laserwords Private Limited and printed and bound by RR Donnelley,
Jefferson City. The cover was printed by RR Donnelley, Jefferson City.
This book is printed on acid free paper.
Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for
more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our
company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and
where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address
the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are
addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and
among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website:
www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2006, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or
authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission
should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ
07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in
their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a
third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return
instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you
have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary
desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Spector, Paul E.
Industrial and organizational psychology : research and practice / Paul E. Spector. – 6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-94976-4 (hardback)
1. Psychology, Industrial. 2. Personnel management. I. Title.
HF5548.8.S625 2012
158.7--dc22
2011016567
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
