Consequences (Complications) of Hypocalcemia
1. Cardiac arrhythmia
2. Cardiac arrest
3. Muscle cramps, fatigue
4. Respiratory muscle paralysis
5. Hypokalemic nephropathy
Distribution of Calcium (Ca)
• 0.5% in soft tissues (6–7 g)
• 0.1% in ECF (1200–1400 mg)
• 99% in bone (1200–1400 g) → Hydroxyapatite crystal [Ca■■(PO■)■(OH)■]
Forms of Bone Calcium
• Labile Ca pool (5–10 g)
• Stable Ca pool (1200–1400 g)
Calcium Balance
Intake: 1000 mg/day through milk & milk products, fish, meat, vegetables
Output: 1000 mg/day through urine (200 mg) & feces (800 mg)
Consequences of Hypercalcemia
1. Cardiac arrhythmia
2. Cardiac arrest
3. Tingling and paresthesia
4. Respiratory muscle paralysis
1. Cardiac arrhythmia
2. Cardiac arrest
3. Muscle cramps, fatigue
4. Respiratory muscle paralysis
5. Hypokalemic nephropathy
Distribution of Calcium (Ca)
• 0.5% in soft tissues (6–7 g)
• 0.1% in ECF (1200–1400 mg)
• 99% in bone (1200–1400 g) → Hydroxyapatite crystal [Ca■■(PO■)■(OH)■]
Forms of Bone Calcium
• Labile Ca pool (5–10 g)
• Stable Ca pool (1200–1400 g)
Calcium Balance
Intake: 1000 mg/day through milk & milk products, fish, meat, vegetables
Output: 1000 mg/day through urine (200 mg) & feces (800 mg)
Consequences of Hypercalcemia
1. Cardiac arrhythmia
2. Cardiac arrest
3. Tingling and paresthesia
4. Respiratory muscle paralysis
