Flight Paramedic study guide Questions
And Quality Answers 2026/27
What causes dead space ventilation - CORRECT ANSWER Low cardiac output (cardiogenic shock,
pe)
What causes VQ mismatch - CORRECT ANSWER Copd, asthma, trauma, pneumonia, ards
What is needed for aerobic metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER Hemoglobin, Q, and extract of o2
to cells
What are the byproducts of aerobic metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER CO2 and H2O
lack of oxygen results in - CORRECT ANSWER Lactic acid
Formula for o2 delivery - CORRECT ANSWER [1.34x Hgbx(SAo2)] + Pa02x0.003
What can be used in place of Sv02 - CORRECT ANSWER Scvo2 but add 5 to 8%
What is Do2 - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of oxygen delivered to tissues each min.
What is Cao2 - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of oxygen in the arteries
What is Cvo2 - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of o2 in the venous system (consumption)
Formula for O2ER - CORRECT ANSWER {(Sa02 - Svo2) / Sa02}
,What is normal oxygen extraction ratio - CORRECT ANSWER 20 - 25%
What is worrisome oxygen extraction ratio - CORRECT ANSWER 30%
What percentage does anaerobic metabolism start - CORRECT ANSWER >40%
What is P02 - CORRECT ANSWER Partial pressure of 02 in enviroment
What is PA02 - CORRECT ANSWER AMOUNT OF OXYGEN DISSOLVED IN THE alveoli AND IS
EXPRESSED IN mmHg
What is Pa02 - CORRECT ANSWER Oxygen in the arterial blood
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER reduced alveolar O2 level
What is hypemic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER Reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the
blood. Ex. anemia, blood loss, cigarettes, CO2
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER failure of cells to use O2 because cells have
been poisoned
What is stagnant hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER Reduction in the bloods ability to circulate
properly in the body to get tissues adequate oxygen
What are the classifications of increased lactate in the blood - CORRECT ANSWER Asymptomatic
: <2.5 no symptoms
Symptomatic : >2.5 with anaerobic metabolism
Lactic acidosis : >5 with pH of <7.3 and symptoms
,What is lactate - CORRECT ANSWER Response to pt. Stress ie hypoxia of tissues
What is the mortality percentage increase - CORRECT ANSWER 10% for every point above 2.5
What is ventilation - CORRECT ANSWER Body regulation of Co2
What is PaCo2 hypoventilation - CORRECT ANSWER >45
What is PaCO2 hyperventilation - CORRECT ANSWER <35
What is VE - CORRECT ANSWER minute ventilation
What is the haldane effect - CORRECT ANSWER Left shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
can drop off O2 easily
What is the Bohr effect? - CORRECT ANSWER Right shift of OHG dissociation curve
can pick up O2 easily
What is raised in right shift - CORRECT ANSWER Raised unloading of 02, raised alkalosis, raised
temp, raised 2, 3 DPG, raised PaO2
What is a left shift? - CORRECT ANSWER Lowered 02 release, low acid, low temp, low 2, 3 DPG,
low PaO2
Pt.s with right shift will have what - CORRECT ANSWER Very high PaO2, not normal but is ok for
the pt
, Pts with left shift will have - CORRECT ANSWER Low PaO2, very fragile state
What is the normal relationship of bicarb and carbonic acid - CORRECT ANSWER 20:1
What are the golden rules of ABG analysis - CORRECT ANSWER 10mm in C02, PH will change
0.08 in the opposite direction
every 10Meq in HCO3 PH will change .15 in the same direction
Every change of PH of .10 will change K+ 0.6 in opposite direction
What is the formula for bicarb replacement - CORRECT ANSWER 0.1 x kg x base deficit = how
many meq needed
What is respiratory acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER Low Ph, high PaCo2 , hypoventalation
What is respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER PH >7.40 and CO2 <35
What is metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER low pH, low HCO3
What is base excess - CORRECT ANSWER How much bicarb the body is lacking
What is the anion gap? - CORRECT ANSWER Na - (Cl + HCO3) difference of cations and anions
What is metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER >7.45 and bicarb >26
How do you treat metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER K+, MG, Na+, or Ca+, or
acetazolamide 500mg IV
And Quality Answers 2026/27
What causes dead space ventilation - CORRECT ANSWER Low cardiac output (cardiogenic shock,
pe)
What causes VQ mismatch - CORRECT ANSWER Copd, asthma, trauma, pneumonia, ards
What is needed for aerobic metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER Hemoglobin, Q, and extract of o2
to cells
What are the byproducts of aerobic metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER CO2 and H2O
lack of oxygen results in - CORRECT ANSWER Lactic acid
Formula for o2 delivery - CORRECT ANSWER [1.34x Hgbx(SAo2)] + Pa02x0.003
What can be used in place of Sv02 - CORRECT ANSWER Scvo2 but add 5 to 8%
What is Do2 - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of oxygen delivered to tissues each min.
What is Cao2 - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of oxygen in the arteries
What is Cvo2 - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of o2 in the venous system (consumption)
Formula for O2ER - CORRECT ANSWER {(Sa02 - Svo2) / Sa02}
,What is normal oxygen extraction ratio - CORRECT ANSWER 20 - 25%
What is worrisome oxygen extraction ratio - CORRECT ANSWER 30%
What percentage does anaerobic metabolism start - CORRECT ANSWER >40%
What is P02 - CORRECT ANSWER Partial pressure of 02 in enviroment
What is PA02 - CORRECT ANSWER AMOUNT OF OXYGEN DISSOLVED IN THE alveoli AND IS
EXPRESSED IN mmHg
What is Pa02 - CORRECT ANSWER Oxygen in the arterial blood
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER reduced alveolar O2 level
What is hypemic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER Reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the
blood. Ex. anemia, blood loss, cigarettes, CO2
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER failure of cells to use O2 because cells have
been poisoned
What is stagnant hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER Reduction in the bloods ability to circulate
properly in the body to get tissues adequate oxygen
What are the classifications of increased lactate in the blood - CORRECT ANSWER Asymptomatic
: <2.5 no symptoms
Symptomatic : >2.5 with anaerobic metabolism
Lactic acidosis : >5 with pH of <7.3 and symptoms
,What is lactate - CORRECT ANSWER Response to pt. Stress ie hypoxia of tissues
What is the mortality percentage increase - CORRECT ANSWER 10% for every point above 2.5
What is ventilation - CORRECT ANSWER Body regulation of Co2
What is PaCo2 hypoventilation - CORRECT ANSWER >45
What is PaCO2 hyperventilation - CORRECT ANSWER <35
What is VE - CORRECT ANSWER minute ventilation
What is the haldane effect - CORRECT ANSWER Left shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
can drop off O2 easily
What is the Bohr effect? - CORRECT ANSWER Right shift of OHG dissociation curve
can pick up O2 easily
What is raised in right shift - CORRECT ANSWER Raised unloading of 02, raised alkalosis, raised
temp, raised 2, 3 DPG, raised PaO2
What is a left shift? - CORRECT ANSWER Lowered 02 release, low acid, low temp, low 2, 3 DPG,
low PaO2
Pt.s with right shift will have what - CORRECT ANSWER Very high PaO2, not normal but is ok for
the pt
, Pts with left shift will have - CORRECT ANSWER Low PaO2, very fragile state
What is the normal relationship of bicarb and carbonic acid - CORRECT ANSWER 20:1
What are the golden rules of ABG analysis - CORRECT ANSWER 10mm in C02, PH will change
0.08 in the opposite direction
every 10Meq in HCO3 PH will change .15 in the same direction
Every change of PH of .10 will change K+ 0.6 in opposite direction
What is the formula for bicarb replacement - CORRECT ANSWER 0.1 x kg x base deficit = how
many meq needed
What is respiratory acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER Low Ph, high PaCo2 , hypoventalation
What is respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER PH >7.40 and CO2 <35
What is metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER low pH, low HCO3
What is base excess - CORRECT ANSWER How much bicarb the body is lacking
What is the anion gap? - CORRECT ANSWER Na - (Cl + HCO3) difference of cations and anions
What is metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER >7.45 and bicarb >26
How do you treat metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER K+, MG, Na+, or Ca+, or
acetazolamide 500mg IV
