NBEO PHARMACOLOGY EXAM WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
What are 4 antibiotics are recommended for treatment of MRSA? - Answer- 1. Bactrim
(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
2. Clindamycin
3. Doxycycline
4. Vancomycin
MOA of bacitracin ointment - Answer- inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
MOA of Vancomycin - Answer- inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, specifically gram(+)
Toxicities of Vancomycin (5) - Answer- 1. Ototoxicity (permanent deafness)
2. Nephrotoxicity
3. Severe diarrhea
4. Bloody stool
5. Difficulty breathing or swallowing
Toxicities of phenytoin (Dilantin) (3 ocular, 5 total) - Answer- 1. Nystagmus
2. Diplopia
3. EOM palsies
4. Ataxia
5. Gingival hyperplasia
Ocualr toxicities of Phenobarbital (Luminal) used for seizures(3) - Answer- 1. mydriasis
2. increased IOP
3. cycloplegia
(anticholinergic effects)
Ocular toxicities of topiramate (Topamax) (5) - Answer- 1. Blurred vision
2. Diplopia
3. Nystagmus
4. Choroidal effusion / swelling moving uvea anteriorly resulting in acute 2º angle
closure glaucoma
5. Myopia (due to anterior movement of uvea)
MOA of insulin - Answer- binding to insulin receptors on the cells to activate receptor
tyrosine kinase --> move glucose into cells for energy, store glucose as glycogen (in
liver and muscles) for energy source (glycogenesis), store EXTRA glucose as adipose
,Which diabetic medication does not cause hypoglycemia? - Answer- metformin
(Glucophage)
Metformin (Glucophage) can be used in the treatment of what condition other than
diabetes? - Answer- Polycystic ovarian syndrome
MOA of glipizide (Glucotrol) - Answer- sulfonylurea: stimulates pancreatic secretion of
insulin / decreases glucagon release
MOA of glyburide (Diabeta, Micronase) - Answer- sulfonylurea: stimulates pancreatic
secretion of insulin / decreases glucagon release
MOA of chlorpropamide (Diabinese) - Answer- sulfonylurea: stimulates pancreatic
secretion of insulin / decreases glucagon release
Which class of ocular drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia if taken with a
sulfonylurea and may also mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia? - Answer- Beta
blockers
Toxicity associated with the diabetic medication pioglitazoone (Actos) - Answer- New or
worsening macular edema --> prescribe with caution in patients with CSME / diabetic
macular edema
MOA, indication and toxicity of Levothyroxine (Synthroid) - Answer- -Synthetic T4
hormone
-Used for hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
-causes pseudotumor cerebri in children
Toxicities of oral contraceptives (estrogen) (4) - Answer- 1. Dry eyes
2. Optic neuritis
3. Papilledema (from pseudotumor cerebri)
4. Increased risk of venous clots --> CRVO,BRVO
MOA of sildenafil (Viagra) - Answer- Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitor --> increase
blood flow to penis
MOA of vardenafil (Levitra) - Answer- Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitor --> increase
blood flow to penis
Ocular toxicities of sildenafil (Viagra) and vardenafil (Levitra) (3) - Answer- 1. Blue tinge
to vision (cyanopsia)
2. Photosensitivity
3. NAION
, Toxicity of tamsulosin (Flomax) - Answer- intraoprtative floppy iris syndrome (alpha-1
blocker causes atrophy of dilator muscle --> prolapse during cataract surgery)
What is the suffix of ACE inhibitors? What is a common toxicity? - Answer- -pril
-cough
What is the suffix of ARBs? - Answer- -sartan
-NO COUGH associated, often prescribed when patients can't tolerate cough side effect
of ACE inhibitors
What are side effects of beta blockers on:
-CNS (3)
-Cardiovascular (3)
-Pulmonary (3)
-Digestive (GI) (4)
-Reproductive (1) - Answer- -CNS: disorientation, depression, fatigue
-Cardiovascular: bradycardia, arrhythmias, syncope
-Pulmonary: dyspnea, wheezing, bronchospasm
-Digestive (GI): nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
-Reproductive: erectile dysfunction
Angiotensin II has what effect on arterioles? - Answer- vasoconstriction --> increase in
BP
Angiotensin II has what effect on the adrenal cortex? - Answer- secretion of aldosterone
to retain water and salt by kidneys --> blood volume increases
What class of drugs is nifedipine (Procardia)? - Answer- Calcium Channel Blocker
What class of drugs is verapamil (Calan, Isoptin) - Answer- Calcium Channel Blocker
What class of drug is diltiazem (Cardizem)? - Answer- Calcium Channel Blocker
MOA / location of action of furosemide (Lasix) - Answer- Loop diuretic --> thick
ascending loop
inhibits Na/2Cl-/K+ cotransporters, also increases Ca secretion
MOA / location of action of hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril) and chlorothiazide (Diruil) -
Answer- inhibits NaCl reabsorption and decreases Ca excretion in the early distal
convoluted tubule
Toxicities of thiazide diuretics (2) - Answer- 1. Acute transient myopia
2. Acute angle closure glaucoma
What are 2 potassium sparing diuretics? - Answer- Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Triamterene (Dyrenium)
COMPLETE SOLUTION
What are 4 antibiotics are recommended for treatment of MRSA? - Answer- 1. Bactrim
(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
2. Clindamycin
3. Doxycycline
4. Vancomycin
MOA of bacitracin ointment - Answer- inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
MOA of Vancomycin - Answer- inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, specifically gram(+)
Toxicities of Vancomycin (5) - Answer- 1. Ototoxicity (permanent deafness)
2. Nephrotoxicity
3. Severe diarrhea
4. Bloody stool
5. Difficulty breathing or swallowing
Toxicities of phenytoin (Dilantin) (3 ocular, 5 total) - Answer- 1. Nystagmus
2. Diplopia
3. EOM palsies
4. Ataxia
5. Gingival hyperplasia
Ocualr toxicities of Phenobarbital (Luminal) used for seizures(3) - Answer- 1. mydriasis
2. increased IOP
3. cycloplegia
(anticholinergic effects)
Ocular toxicities of topiramate (Topamax) (5) - Answer- 1. Blurred vision
2. Diplopia
3. Nystagmus
4. Choroidal effusion / swelling moving uvea anteriorly resulting in acute 2º angle
closure glaucoma
5. Myopia (due to anterior movement of uvea)
MOA of insulin - Answer- binding to insulin receptors on the cells to activate receptor
tyrosine kinase --> move glucose into cells for energy, store glucose as glycogen (in
liver and muscles) for energy source (glycogenesis), store EXTRA glucose as adipose
,Which diabetic medication does not cause hypoglycemia? - Answer- metformin
(Glucophage)
Metformin (Glucophage) can be used in the treatment of what condition other than
diabetes? - Answer- Polycystic ovarian syndrome
MOA of glipizide (Glucotrol) - Answer- sulfonylurea: stimulates pancreatic secretion of
insulin / decreases glucagon release
MOA of glyburide (Diabeta, Micronase) - Answer- sulfonylurea: stimulates pancreatic
secretion of insulin / decreases glucagon release
MOA of chlorpropamide (Diabinese) - Answer- sulfonylurea: stimulates pancreatic
secretion of insulin / decreases glucagon release
Which class of ocular drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia if taken with a
sulfonylurea and may also mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia? - Answer- Beta
blockers
Toxicity associated with the diabetic medication pioglitazoone (Actos) - Answer- New or
worsening macular edema --> prescribe with caution in patients with CSME / diabetic
macular edema
MOA, indication and toxicity of Levothyroxine (Synthroid) - Answer- -Synthetic T4
hormone
-Used for hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
-causes pseudotumor cerebri in children
Toxicities of oral contraceptives (estrogen) (4) - Answer- 1. Dry eyes
2. Optic neuritis
3. Papilledema (from pseudotumor cerebri)
4. Increased risk of venous clots --> CRVO,BRVO
MOA of sildenafil (Viagra) - Answer- Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitor --> increase
blood flow to penis
MOA of vardenafil (Levitra) - Answer- Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitor --> increase
blood flow to penis
Ocular toxicities of sildenafil (Viagra) and vardenafil (Levitra) (3) - Answer- 1. Blue tinge
to vision (cyanopsia)
2. Photosensitivity
3. NAION
, Toxicity of tamsulosin (Flomax) - Answer- intraoprtative floppy iris syndrome (alpha-1
blocker causes atrophy of dilator muscle --> prolapse during cataract surgery)
What is the suffix of ACE inhibitors? What is a common toxicity? - Answer- -pril
-cough
What is the suffix of ARBs? - Answer- -sartan
-NO COUGH associated, often prescribed when patients can't tolerate cough side effect
of ACE inhibitors
What are side effects of beta blockers on:
-CNS (3)
-Cardiovascular (3)
-Pulmonary (3)
-Digestive (GI) (4)
-Reproductive (1) - Answer- -CNS: disorientation, depression, fatigue
-Cardiovascular: bradycardia, arrhythmias, syncope
-Pulmonary: dyspnea, wheezing, bronchospasm
-Digestive (GI): nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
-Reproductive: erectile dysfunction
Angiotensin II has what effect on arterioles? - Answer- vasoconstriction --> increase in
BP
Angiotensin II has what effect on the adrenal cortex? - Answer- secretion of aldosterone
to retain water and salt by kidneys --> blood volume increases
What class of drugs is nifedipine (Procardia)? - Answer- Calcium Channel Blocker
What class of drugs is verapamil (Calan, Isoptin) - Answer- Calcium Channel Blocker
What class of drug is diltiazem (Cardizem)? - Answer- Calcium Channel Blocker
MOA / location of action of furosemide (Lasix) - Answer- Loop diuretic --> thick
ascending loop
inhibits Na/2Cl-/K+ cotransporters, also increases Ca secretion
MOA / location of action of hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril) and chlorothiazide (Diruil) -
Answer- inhibits NaCl reabsorption and decreases Ca excretion in the early distal
convoluted tubule
Toxicities of thiazide diuretics (2) - Answer- 1. Acute transient myopia
2. Acute angle closure glaucoma
What are 2 potassium sparing diuretics? - Answer- Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Triamterene (Dyrenium)
