CSULB PSY 100 EXAM 3
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1. What is the bystander effect?: A person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.
2. What were the main findings of Darley and Latané's seizure study?: As more people
were around the individual being observed, the less likely they were to help the person having a "seizure"
3. What is the main mechanism driving the bystander effect?: Diffusion of responsibility
- Belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need
4. What are the three factors that can enhance or minimize the bystander
effect?: 1. Ambiguity of the situation
- "Is this even an emergency?"
2. Pluralistic ignorance
- State in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different
from those of the others in the group
3. Perceived personal competence
- When trained professionals are presented with crisis situations relevant to their expertise, such as a nurse being
presented with an injured victim, the bystander effect is minimized
5. How are violence, anger, and hostility related and how are they different?: All
forms of aggression
- Violence (behavioral)
• Extreme acts of physical aggression
- Anger (affective)
• Strong feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury
- Hostility (attitudinal)
• Negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group
6. What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?: Suggests that frustration increases proba-
bility of aggressive response
7. How did the Harris (1974) study support or refute the frustration-aggression
hypothesis?: Supports hypothesis
- Confederates cut people either 12th or 2nd in line at the movie theater
- People closer to the front were more aggressive
8. What are the major criticisms of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?: 1. All
aggressive behaviors do not follow from frustration
2. Frustration does not necessarily lead to aggression
• Learned helplessness
, CSULB PSY 100 EXAM 3
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- Passive and depressed responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no
control over their outcomes
9. What does Berkowitz's research suggest about the frustration-aggression
hypothesis?: Negative feelings trigger aggression
• Pain, hunger, fatigue, humiliation, rejection, anxiety, insults, etc.
10. How is culture linked to expressions of aggression?: Different cultures exhibit different
aggressive behaviors
11. How does gender influence the quantity and type of violence? How does
gender influence the quantity and type of aggression?: Men are universally more violent
than women
• Differences stable across time and place
Challenges to the notion that men are more aggressive than females
• Boys tend to be more overtly aggressive
• Girls tend to be more indirectly, or relationally, aggressive
12. How are alcohol consumption and heat related to aggression?: Alcohol impairs
self-control
• Alcohol reduces anxiety, which lowers inhibitions against aggression
• Intoxication causes alcohol myopia, a disruption in the way we process information
- Higher-than-normal temperatures are associated with increased aggression
13. How are stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination related and how are they
different?: Stereotypes are Beliefs
• Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups
- Can be positive or negative
- Can be true or false
• Can give rise to pernicious forms of prejudice and discrimination
- Valence and validity do not matter
Prejudice is a Feeling
• Negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
Discrimination is a Behavior
• Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
- May be deliberate or unintentional
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i1g2g3
1. What is the bystander effect?: A person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.
2. What were the main findings of Darley and Latané's seizure study?: As more people
were around the individual being observed, the less likely they were to help the person having a "seizure"
3. What is the main mechanism driving the bystander effect?: Diffusion of responsibility
- Belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need
4. What are the three factors that can enhance or minimize the bystander
effect?: 1. Ambiguity of the situation
- "Is this even an emergency?"
2. Pluralistic ignorance
- State in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different
from those of the others in the group
3. Perceived personal competence
- When trained professionals are presented with crisis situations relevant to their expertise, such as a nurse being
presented with an injured victim, the bystander effect is minimized
5. How are violence, anger, and hostility related and how are they different?: All
forms of aggression
- Violence (behavioral)
• Extreme acts of physical aggression
- Anger (affective)
• Strong feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury
- Hostility (attitudinal)
• Negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group
6. What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?: Suggests that frustration increases proba-
bility of aggressive response
7. How did the Harris (1974) study support or refute the frustration-aggression
hypothesis?: Supports hypothesis
- Confederates cut people either 12th or 2nd in line at the movie theater
- People closer to the front were more aggressive
8. What are the major criticisms of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?: 1. All
aggressive behaviors do not follow from frustration
2. Frustration does not necessarily lead to aggression
• Learned helplessness
, CSULB PSY 100 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i1g2g3
- Passive and depressed responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no
control over their outcomes
9. What does Berkowitz's research suggest about the frustration-aggression
hypothesis?: Negative feelings trigger aggression
• Pain, hunger, fatigue, humiliation, rejection, anxiety, insults, etc.
10. How is culture linked to expressions of aggression?: Different cultures exhibit different
aggressive behaviors
11. How does gender influence the quantity and type of violence? How does
gender influence the quantity and type of aggression?: Men are universally more violent
than women
• Differences stable across time and place
Challenges to the notion that men are more aggressive than females
• Boys tend to be more overtly aggressive
• Girls tend to be more indirectly, or relationally, aggressive
12. How are alcohol consumption and heat related to aggression?: Alcohol impairs
self-control
• Alcohol reduces anxiety, which lowers inhibitions against aggression
• Intoxication causes alcohol myopia, a disruption in the way we process information
- Higher-than-normal temperatures are associated with increased aggression
13. How are stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination related and how are they
different?: Stereotypes are Beliefs
• Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups
- Can be positive or negative
- Can be true or false
• Can give rise to pernicious forms of prejudice and discrimination
- Valence and validity do not matter
Prejudice is a Feeling
• Negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
Discrimination is a Behavior
• Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
- May be deliberate or unintentional
