HTH408 Exam 1 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (2025 / 2026) / A+ GRADE

HTH408 Exam 1 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (2025 / 2026) / A+ GRADE Anomaly - Answer- Something that does not fit into the paradigms of normal science Authority - Answer- A form of knowledge we believe to be true because it comes from authoritative sources, such as parents, teachers, and professional figures Crisis - Answer- An accumulation of many anomalies against an accepted truth Deductive Reasoning - Answer- Reasoning that begins with a broad theory that leads to a specific idea or concept to be tested Empirical Evidence - Answer- Acquiring information by systematically observing people or events Ethics - Answer- A set of guidelines that are primarily concerned with protecting the rights of study participants and are mandatory for the researche Experiential Knowledge - Answer- A form of knowledge that we learn through pleasant or unpleasant experiences Falsify - Answer- Prove that a theory is incorrect Inductive Reasoning - Answer- Reasoning that begins with specific observations and moves to a broader understanding of a topic or problem Mixed Methods - Answer- Research studies that combine the best features of qualitative and quantitative methodologies Normal Science - Answer- The work of scientists using the general rules, laws, and paradigms that are accepted as truths. It does not explore new ideas or build on scientific knowledge Objectivity - Answer- Perceiving something from different angles without personal preferences or judgments Overgeneralization - Answer- A type of bias that occurs when a researcher uses a small number of cases to draw conclusions about an entire population Paradigm - Answer- An unchangeable pattern that is used over and over again Paradigm Shift - Answer- Occurs when a widely accepted paradigm encounters many anomalies that lead to a crisis, then a revolution, and then a new paradigm Qualitative Research - Answer- Research that seeks to gain insight and depth on a topic Quantitative Research - Answer- Research based on the systematic calculation of data Revolution - Answer- When an old paradigm is replaced with a new paradigm Scientific Knowledge - Answer- A form of knowledge based on studies conducted by researchers Selective Observation - Answer- A type of bias that occurs when a researcher is focused on a specific occurrence or group of people instead of including an entire sample Subjective Thinking - Answer- Thinking based on personal emotions, experiences, and prejudices Traditional Knowledge - Answer- A form of knowledge we inherit from our culture that includes information that we learned as children that is now part of who we are and how we behave Researchers who use objective thinking often do not allow their emotions and prejudices to influence their decisions. (T/F) - Answer- True According to Kuhn, when a social phenomenon that is unusual begins to happen more and more frequently this ultimately can produce which of the following? anomalies crisis social change scientific revolution - Answer- scientific revolution George is conducting a study and wants to begin with a broad theory that later can allow him to come up with a specific idea or concept to be tested. Most likely George is planning a quantitative research (T/F) - Answer- True Objectivity is the ability to perceive something from different angles without allowing personal biases to hinder judgment and decisions (T/F) - Answer- True The fundamental frames of reference we use to organize our observations and reasoning are _____ theories anomalies laws variables paradigms - Answer- Paradigms The two different types of groups used by some researchers are the control group and the out group (T/F) - Answer- False The greatest obstruction to social research comes from which of the following? participants the researcher himself/herself the institutional review board fellow researchers - Answer- the researcher himself/herself The guidelines, informed consent, and other research documents must be written in the researchers' language despite the language of the participants (T/F) - Answer- False The following are all examples of research biases EXCEPT ______ overgeneralization subjective thinking selective observation coercion - Answer- coercion When out in the field Dr. Gigist refuses to interview foreigners even though they have indicated their willingness to participate in the research and meet all the requirements for inclusion. Most likely Dr. Gigist is indulging in what type of observation? scientific observation quantitative observation selective observation empirical observation - Answer- selective observation Based on Kuhn's theories, paradigms are grounded in sets of assumptions about the nature of reality (T/F) - Answer- True Informing research participants about everything that will be done during research may cause them to decline their participation. Bearing this in mind, researchers should still be sure to tell participants everything that will be done during the research (T/F) - Answer- True