NR 228 Exams Set (Latest 2025–2026)
Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)
1. What are the six essential classes of nutrients?
Answer: Carbohydrates, Lipids (Fats), Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and
Water.
2. Define the term "energy density" and provide an example of a
low-energy-dense food.
Answer: Energy density refers to the number of calories (energy) in a
given weight of food. A low-energy-dense food has few calories for a
large volume, such as broccoli, spinach, or an apple. These foods are
high in water and fiber, which promote satiety without excessive calorie
intake.
3. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human
body?
Answer: To provide the body's primary and most efficient source of
energy (4 kcal/gram), especially for the brain, central nervous system,
and red blood cells.
4. A patient's Health History reveals they follow a lacto-ovo-
vegetarian diet. What foods are included and excluded in this
pattern?
Answer: Included: Plant foods, dairy products ("lacto"), and eggs
("ovo"). Excluded: Meat, poultry, fish, and seafood.
5. Describe the clinical sign "koilonychia" and state which mineral
deficiency it is associated with.
Answer: Koilonychia, or "spoon-shaped nails," is a clinical sign
associated with iron-deficiency anemia.
, 6. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for
carbohydrates for adults is what percentage of total daily calories?
Answer: 45% to 65%.
7. What is the gold standard for assessing a patient's energy needs in
a clinical setting?
Answer: Indirect Calorimetry. This method measures oxygen
consumption and carbon dioxide production to calculate resting energy
expenditure (REE) accurately.
8. A BMI of 28.5 would be classified into which weight category?
Answer: Overweight. (Classifications: Underweight <18.5, Normal
18.5-24.9, Overweight 25-29.9, Obese ≥30).
9. Define "anthropometric measurements" and list two key
examples.
Answer: Anthropometric measurements are objective measurements of
body muscle and fat. Examples include height, weight, body mass index
(BMI), waist circumference, and skinfold thickness.
10. What is the purpose of the "MyPlate" food guidance system?
Answer: To provide a simple visual guide to help people build a healthy
eating pattern by balancing the five food groups (Fruits, Vegetables,
Grains, Protein, and Dairy) on a plate.
11. Which nutrient is the most energy-dense, providing 9 kilocalories
per gram?
Answer: Lipids (Fats).
12. A diet that is described as "high-potency" would be a
characteristic of what category of dietary supplements?
Answer: Macronutrient-based supplements, such as specialized oral
nutritional supplements (e.g., Ensure, Boost).
Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)
1. What are the six essential classes of nutrients?
Answer: Carbohydrates, Lipids (Fats), Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and
Water.
2. Define the term "energy density" and provide an example of a
low-energy-dense food.
Answer: Energy density refers to the number of calories (energy) in a
given weight of food. A low-energy-dense food has few calories for a
large volume, such as broccoli, spinach, or an apple. These foods are
high in water and fiber, which promote satiety without excessive calorie
intake.
3. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human
body?
Answer: To provide the body's primary and most efficient source of
energy (4 kcal/gram), especially for the brain, central nervous system,
and red blood cells.
4. A patient's Health History reveals they follow a lacto-ovo-
vegetarian diet. What foods are included and excluded in this
pattern?
Answer: Included: Plant foods, dairy products ("lacto"), and eggs
("ovo"). Excluded: Meat, poultry, fish, and seafood.
5. Describe the clinical sign "koilonychia" and state which mineral
deficiency it is associated with.
Answer: Koilonychia, or "spoon-shaped nails," is a clinical sign
associated with iron-deficiency anemia.
, 6. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for
carbohydrates for adults is what percentage of total daily calories?
Answer: 45% to 65%.
7. What is the gold standard for assessing a patient's energy needs in
a clinical setting?
Answer: Indirect Calorimetry. This method measures oxygen
consumption and carbon dioxide production to calculate resting energy
expenditure (REE) accurately.
8. A BMI of 28.5 would be classified into which weight category?
Answer: Overweight. (Classifications: Underweight <18.5, Normal
18.5-24.9, Overweight 25-29.9, Obese ≥30).
9. Define "anthropometric measurements" and list two key
examples.
Answer: Anthropometric measurements are objective measurements of
body muscle and fat. Examples include height, weight, body mass index
(BMI), waist circumference, and skinfold thickness.
10. What is the purpose of the "MyPlate" food guidance system?
Answer: To provide a simple visual guide to help people build a healthy
eating pattern by balancing the five food groups (Fruits, Vegetables,
Grains, Protein, and Dairy) on a plate.
11. Which nutrient is the most energy-dense, providing 9 kilocalories
per gram?
Answer: Lipids (Fats).
12. A diet that is described as "high-potency" would be a
characteristic of what category of dietary supplements?
Answer: Macronutrient-based supplements, such as specialized oral
nutritional supplements (e.g., Ensure, Boost).
