NR 503 Made Easy: A+ Questions and Answers. A 2025/2026 Study Guide
Terms in this set (60)
Refers to preventing disease before it occurs.
Usually, primary prevention occurs through application of
Primary Prevention
epidemiological concepts and databases to assess risk factors
and then target those populations in which there can be the
greatest impact on outcomes to ward off impending disease or
unhealthy outcomes.
Consists of screening and diagnosis of disease.
Secondary prevention is one of the most cost-effective
Secondary Prevention strategies to improve current health status and prevent
chronic, debilitating disease states through screening of
individuals and populations. For example, screening helps
APNs detect a disease once it is present and assist and
facilitate the patient or population to get care for the
disease that has been detected.
Consists of interventions aimed at interventions to facilitate
the rehabilitation of the patient to the highest level of
functioning while addressing the risk factors that could
Tertiary Prevention
further result in the deterioration of the patient's health.
For example, an APN would counsel a patient who has had a
myocardial infarction about the risk factors that could elicit
further debilitation.
Validity any screening test is the ability of that test to distinguish correctly who
has a disease.
where a less sensitive first or specific test is used, often of
lower cost or less risk to the patient. If that test result is
two-stage testing positive then a next test is employed. We can gain use
tuberculin skin testing as an example, where a positive skin
test leads to further
testing in the patient. Often, the first test is more sensitive,
and the second test is more specific.
, a proportional value of the proportion of people in any
Positive Prediction Value (PPV) given population who are screened as positive and who
actually have the disease. PPV is the number of true
positives divided by everyone who tested positive.
Negative predictive value is also a proportion, but is the opposite (and
Negative Prediction Value (NPV) the
probability that a result is a true negative). It is the number of
true negatives divided by all of those who tested negative.
Natural History of Disease Nature of the disease and how it progresses
Internal Validity Whether the study measures what it was supposed to measure
External Validity The generalization of the results to other populations
Reliability The ability of the test results being replicated if the test is repeated
Probability The study of the laws chance
The tests ability to yield a positive result when the person has
Sensitivity
the actual disease or condition
The tests ability to yield a negative result when the person
Specificity
does not have the actual disease or condition
Gold Standard Tests 100% with sensitivity and specificity
Combines sensitivity and specificity data to help the clinician
Likelihood Ratio
quantify how much of the odds of disease change based on
positive or negative test results
caused by microbes that can spread very quickly, sometimes
Infectious Diseases within a matter of hours or days. The most common
infectious agents responsible for disease are bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Airborne transmission rubeola, rubella, polio, tuberculosis (TB), diphtheria, hantavirus,
smallpox, and so on
Fecal oral ingestion (contaminated water and/or food), hepatitis A and E, and so
on
Direct Contact impetigo, scabies, lice, smallpox, and so on
Chlamydia; gonorrhea; hepatitis B, C, and D; human
Sexual Contact
immunodeficiency virus (HIV); HSV
Direct Inoculation syphilis; hepatitis A, B, C, and D; HIV infection
Insect or animal bite malaria, rabies, Lyme disease, bubonic plague
Best sources for population- CDC
based relevant information for
the APN to determine
appropriate interventions
More than one factor is required, usually in a temporal
sequence. The initiation and promotion stages associated
Terms in this set (60)
Refers to preventing disease before it occurs.
Usually, primary prevention occurs through application of
Primary Prevention
epidemiological concepts and databases to assess risk factors
and then target those populations in which there can be the
greatest impact on outcomes to ward off impending disease or
unhealthy outcomes.
Consists of screening and diagnosis of disease.
Secondary prevention is one of the most cost-effective
Secondary Prevention strategies to improve current health status and prevent
chronic, debilitating disease states through screening of
individuals and populations. For example, screening helps
APNs detect a disease once it is present and assist and
facilitate the patient or population to get care for the
disease that has been detected.
Consists of interventions aimed at interventions to facilitate
the rehabilitation of the patient to the highest level of
functioning while addressing the risk factors that could
Tertiary Prevention
further result in the deterioration of the patient's health.
For example, an APN would counsel a patient who has had a
myocardial infarction about the risk factors that could elicit
further debilitation.
Validity any screening test is the ability of that test to distinguish correctly who
has a disease.
where a less sensitive first or specific test is used, often of
lower cost or less risk to the patient. If that test result is
two-stage testing positive then a next test is employed. We can gain use
tuberculin skin testing as an example, where a positive skin
test leads to further
testing in the patient. Often, the first test is more sensitive,
and the second test is more specific.
, a proportional value of the proportion of people in any
Positive Prediction Value (PPV) given population who are screened as positive and who
actually have the disease. PPV is the number of true
positives divided by everyone who tested positive.
Negative predictive value is also a proportion, but is the opposite (and
Negative Prediction Value (NPV) the
probability that a result is a true negative). It is the number of
true negatives divided by all of those who tested negative.
Natural History of Disease Nature of the disease and how it progresses
Internal Validity Whether the study measures what it was supposed to measure
External Validity The generalization of the results to other populations
Reliability The ability of the test results being replicated if the test is repeated
Probability The study of the laws chance
The tests ability to yield a positive result when the person has
Sensitivity
the actual disease or condition
The tests ability to yield a negative result when the person
Specificity
does not have the actual disease or condition
Gold Standard Tests 100% with sensitivity and specificity
Combines sensitivity and specificity data to help the clinician
Likelihood Ratio
quantify how much of the odds of disease change based on
positive or negative test results
caused by microbes that can spread very quickly, sometimes
Infectious Diseases within a matter of hours or days. The most common
infectious agents responsible for disease are bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Airborne transmission rubeola, rubella, polio, tuberculosis (TB), diphtheria, hantavirus,
smallpox, and so on
Fecal oral ingestion (contaminated water and/or food), hepatitis A and E, and so
on
Direct Contact impetigo, scabies, lice, smallpox, and so on
Chlamydia; gonorrhea; hepatitis B, C, and D; human
Sexual Contact
immunodeficiency virus (HIV); HSV
Direct Inoculation syphilis; hepatitis A, B, C, and D; HIV infection
Insect or animal bite malaria, rabies, Lyme disease, bubonic plague
Best sources for population- CDC
based relevant information for
the APN to determine
appropriate interventions
More than one factor is required, usually in a temporal
sequence. The initiation and promotion stages associated
