NR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED)

NR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED) Pathophysiology Correct answer the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body at a cellular level Homeostasis Correct answer bodies desire to reach balance, things are always changing in our body, negative feedback loops Etiology Correct answer cause of disease, where does it come from Idiopathic Correct answer unknown cause Pathogenesis Correct answer development of disease Cell cycle Correct answer cell is born, replication (mitosis), replicate, dna tells cells to die (apoptosis) - all determined by nucleus Mitosis Correct answer parent cell splits and make 2 identical daughter cells Meiosis Correct answer sex cells, get half of chromosomes (23) Stem cells Correct answer live in red bone marrow, blank canvas cells - undifferentiated, have no job, differentiation is the process of the cell becoming specialized (having a job), stem cells have only choice to become blood cells, cancer is undifferentiated cells in body besides in bone marrow 2 Osmosis Correct answer -inside cell have water and some solutes -outside of cell have some solutes and water -water moving -water is crossing a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient. It is not the lack of water that makes water cross over. -osmosis happens because of osmotic pressure (the attraction force, the pull force, determined by how strong the solutes are on one side of the membrane pulls water over) -sodium is big water attractor -albumin (protein) attracted to water -when you don't have a lot of albumin in blood stream, then osmotic pressure will be low. -do not require energy - passive Diffusion Correct answer -solutes -more on one side, so go on other side -balance things out -do not require energy - passive 3 Energy Correct answer plan a: need glucose and oxygen, aerobic glycolysis or phosphorylation. Krebs cycle: in mitochondria, a lot of atp and no byproduct. Plan b: anaerobic (no oxygen) glycolysis, glucose. Still go through krebs cycle and outcome is 2 atp and get a byproduct of pyruvic acid. Cant stay her forever - has to be temporary. Sodium/potassium pump Correct answer active process, need energy to make this happen. Lives on the surface of every cell in our body so body can send electrical and chemical messages to other cells. Sodium is outside of cell and potassium is inside the cell -. Imbalance, tension results which creates resting potential. The pump works against diffusion and homeostasis. Action potential strikes cell membrane and solutes rapidly swap places (potassium goes to outside, sodium floods inside of cell), this is okay for a brief time, since water follow salt and the cell will burst and die. So the pump now kicks everyone back - need atp. Atrophy 4 Correct answer decrease in cell size. Ex: shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks. Dysplasia Correct answer concerning, cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei present, rate of mitosis is increased. Precancerous. Ex: pap smear tests for this on cervical cells. Hyperplasia Correct answer increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. Ex: uterine enlargement in pregnancy or benign tumor Metaplasia Correct answer when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. Ex: callus or change in respiratory tracts in cigarette smokers. Anaplasia Correct answer full on cancer, refers to cells that are undifferentiated with 5 variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures. Ex: malignant tumors Hypoxia Correct answer reduced oxygen in the tissue. -interferes with atp production in the cell, leading to loss of sodium pump out the cell membrane as well as loss of cell functions. Hypoxemia Correct answer reduced oxygen in blood, which will also result in hypoxia Ischemia Correct answer blockage that impedes blood flow Necrosis Correct answer explosive death, when the injury is so severe nucleus doesn't have time to do apoptosis, rapidly dying cells. Unplanned, messy, cell membrane is broken, damages surrounding cells, start to become cell lysis - breaking down