NR 283 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED)

NR 283 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED) Urinary system functions Correct Answer removes: metabolic wastes, hormones from the body, drugs other foreign material from body regulates water, electrolytes, acid-base balance secretes erythropoietin activates vitamin D regulated blood pressure through renin-angiotensin aldosterone systsem Urinary Anatomy Correct Answer kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Incontinence Correct Answer loss of voluntary control of the bladder Enuresis Correct Answer Involuntary urination by child age older than 4 years 1 often related to developmental delay, sleep pattern, psychosocial aspect Stress incontinence Correct Answer (more common in women) Increased intra-abdominal pressure forces urine through sphincter. Coughing, lifting, laughing Multiple pregnancies Overflow incontinence Correct Answer Incompetent bladder sphincter Older adults --Weakened detrusor muscle may prevent complete emptying of bladder—frequency and incontinence Spinal cord injuries or brain damage --Neurogenic bladder—may be spastic or flaccid --Interference with CNS and ANS voluntary controls of the bladder Retention 2 Correct Answer inability to empty the bladder, accompanied by overflow incontinence, spinal cord injury at sacral level blocks micturition reflex, and may follow anesthesia (general or spinal) Urinalysis Correct Answer appearance of urine Urine is straw colored with mild odor Correct Answer Normal urine, specific gravity 1.010 to 1.050 Urine is cloudy Correct Answer may indicate the presence of large amounts of protein, blood, bacteria, and pus Urine is a dark color Correct Answer may indicate hematuria, excessive bilirubin, or highly concentrated urine Urine is unpleasant or unusual odor Correct Answer infection or result from certain dietary components or medication 3 Abnormal constituents of urine Correct Answer blood, bacteria, specific gravity, glucose, and ketones Hematuria Correct Answer blood in urine. small amounts: infection, inflammation, or tumors in urinary tract large amounts: increased glomerular permeability or hemorrhage Bacteriuria Correct Answer infection in the urinary tract Specific gravity Correct Answer indicates ability of tubules to concentrate urine Low specific gravity Correct Answer dilute urine (with normal hydration) High specific gravity 4 Correct Answer concentrated urine (with normal hydration) Related to renal failure Glucose and Ketones in Urine Correct Answer Found when diabetes mellitus is not well controlled Blood test showing elevated serum urea and serum creatinine levels indicate Correct Answer failure to excrete nitrogen wastes caused by decreased GFR Blood test confirming anemia indicates Correct Answer decreased erythropoietin secretion and/or bone marrow depression Clearance tests Correct Answer Examples: creatinine or inulin clearance Used to assess GFR Cystoscopy