NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | LATEST 2025/2026 EDITION
What is Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-is the study of what happens when the normal
anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes
Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-development or evolution of disease from initial
stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Signs and symptoms of disorder.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU
systems resume action.
role of nucleus - CORRECT ANSWERS-control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none (RBCs).
role of mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWERS-Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP,
and has its own set of DNA.
Role of ribosome - CORRECT ANSWERS-produces RNA to produce proteins through
transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the Rough ER.
Role of lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWERS-helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles,
or tissues.
,Explain Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Screening"; early detection, screening,
and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-PAP smears for STDs, lab work for
HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's
after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-a state of equilibrium in which all body systems
are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a
balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Where the
sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy
is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in
this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-the activity of
the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The
body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
, Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Occurs
when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to
homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that
can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression,
headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone,
catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-
activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-helps to slow
down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-Stimulates the fight
or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and
amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-released by ACTH
reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce
inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pupils
dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose
release, inhibit GI/GU.
Role of rough ER - CORRECT ANSWERS-folded membranes that move proteins around the
cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.
ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | LATEST 2025/2026 EDITION
What is Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-is the study of what happens when the normal
anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes
Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-development or evolution of disease from initial
stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Signs and symptoms of disorder.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU
systems resume action.
role of nucleus - CORRECT ANSWERS-control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none (RBCs).
role of mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWERS-Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP,
and has its own set of DNA.
Role of ribosome - CORRECT ANSWERS-produces RNA to produce proteins through
transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the Rough ER.
Role of lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWERS-helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles,
or tissues.
,Explain Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Screening"; early detection, screening,
and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-PAP smears for STDs, lab work for
HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's
after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-a state of equilibrium in which all body systems
are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS-ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a
balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Where the
sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy
is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in
this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-the activity of
the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The
body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
, Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Occurs
when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to
homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that
can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? -
CORRECT ANSWERS-disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression,
headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone,
catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-
activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-helps to slow
down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-Stimulates the fight
or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and
amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS-released by ACTH
reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce
inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pupils
dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose
release, inhibit GI/GU.
Role of rough ER - CORRECT ANSWERS-folded membranes that move proteins around the
cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.
