BRAINSCAPE1
GEOS 102 FINAL UBC Exam with
complete solutions latest version
climographs - CORRECT ANSWER-- Mean monthly temperature and precipitation over
the year for a place
- Allow us to visualize seasonal amounts and variation in heat and moisture
- Figure out the biome that corresponds to the climograph
climate types - CORRECT ANSWER-Tropical
- Hot and rainy, ITCZ shifts, consistent daylength
Desert/steppe
- Hot, little precip., sparse vegetation, poorly developed soils
Mesothermal
- Moderate: not cold enough for snow to stick, not hot enough to support flowering
plants (and thus evapotranspiration)
Microthermal
- Cold winters, low potential evapotranspiration
Polar; highland
- Cool summers, very cold winters (tundra, glaciers, etc.)
drivers of climate change - CORRECT ANSWER-Increase of CO2 in the atmosphere--
>increased warming
Greenhouse gasses (humans)
- Warming in troposphere, cooling in stratosphere, more warming at night, less O2 in
air, fossil fuel emissions, etc..
Impacts
- Rising temps, sea levels rising, more intense storms, etc.
4 components of soil - CORRECT ANSWER-1. organic matter 2. mineral
fraction/particles 3. soil air 4. soil water
components of soil: organic matter (5%) (solid component) - CORRECT ANSWER-
Surface layer: litter, active decomposition
BRAINSCAPE1
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Humus
- Fine organic matter, source of nutrients
- Dark and spongey
- No visible plant matter
Decomposition: breaks down decaying material, returns as CO2 in atmosphere
components of soil: mineral fraction/particles (45%) (solid component) - CORRECT
ANSWER-Determine texture and structure (through distribution of particle sizes)
Gravel, sand, silt, clay, colloids
- Texture based on proportions of sand, silt, and clay
- Important for availability of soil air, water, and nutrients
Peds
- Particles bound by clays and colloids
- Allow water movement
Soil profile
- Vertical section of soil made up of soil horizons
- Horizontal layers
--> Distinct, differ in physical, chemical, and organic composition, and physical
properties (texture, structure, colour)
Horizons
- Topsoil: organic plus mineral components
- subsoil: mineral
- Weathered or decomposed rock: parent material
Soil colour
- Tells us about composition + chemistry
--> Black = organic content
--> White/pale = silica and aluminum oxides
--> Reds and yellows = iron oxides and minerals
- Munsell colour chart : 175 soil colours
components of soil: soil air (gases) (25%) (pore space) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Soil air
to atmosphere comparison:
- CO2 greater in soil air
- O2 less in soil air
Air depends on:
- Soil porosity
- Amount of soil water filling pores
Important for plant + soil organisms and water movement
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
component of soil: soil water (25%) (pore space) - CORRECT ANSWER-Important
resource for plants and soil organisms
Held in soil pores, depending on:
- Amount of water present
- Size of pores—depends on texture and structure
biggest to small soil sizes and porosity - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Gravel
2. Sand
- Most porous (most holes so liquid passes through fastest)
3. Silt
4. Clay
- Least porous
5 soil formation factors (CORPT) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Climate
2. Organisms—organic matter, biotic influences
3. Relief—topography, aspect, elevation
4. Parent Material—mineral constituents
5. Time—change, dynamics (slow)
Climate determines speed and intensity of:
- Mineral weathering:
· Polar, alpine—colder, little free water-->thin soils
· Wet tropics-->deeply weathered mantles
- Organic matter decomposition:
· Chemical, biological reaction rates double for every 10C
Parent material
- Underlying geologic material from which the soil was formed
- Medium on which other soul forming factors, such as climate, act
- Determines: composition, structure, texture, acidity, and nutrients
4 soil forming processes - CORRECT ANSWER-1. INPUTS
- Organic matter from plants or animals
- Mineral deposition from wind or water
2. LOSSES
A) Surface erosion
· Materials removed the organic or top of the mineral horizons
B) Leaching
· Materials dissolved by water
· Solution pulled down by gravity
· Loss could be through to ground water
C) Uptake of nutrients by plants
3. TRANSLOCATION
BRAINSCAPE1
GEOS 102 FINAL UBC Exam with
complete solutions latest version
climographs - CORRECT ANSWER-- Mean monthly temperature and precipitation over
the year for a place
- Allow us to visualize seasonal amounts and variation in heat and moisture
- Figure out the biome that corresponds to the climograph
climate types - CORRECT ANSWER-Tropical
- Hot and rainy, ITCZ shifts, consistent daylength
Desert/steppe
- Hot, little precip., sparse vegetation, poorly developed soils
Mesothermal
- Moderate: not cold enough for snow to stick, not hot enough to support flowering
plants (and thus evapotranspiration)
Microthermal
- Cold winters, low potential evapotranspiration
Polar; highland
- Cool summers, very cold winters (tundra, glaciers, etc.)
drivers of climate change - CORRECT ANSWER-Increase of CO2 in the atmosphere--
>increased warming
Greenhouse gasses (humans)
- Warming in troposphere, cooling in stratosphere, more warming at night, less O2 in
air, fossil fuel emissions, etc..
Impacts
- Rising temps, sea levels rising, more intense storms, etc.
4 components of soil - CORRECT ANSWER-1. organic matter 2. mineral
fraction/particles 3. soil air 4. soil water
components of soil: organic matter (5%) (solid component) - CORRECT ANSWER-
Surface layer: litter, active decomposition
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
Humus
- Fine organic matter, source of nutrients
- Dark and spongey
- No visible plant matter
Decomposition: breaks down decaying material, returns as CO2 in atmosphere
components of soil: mineral fraction/particles (45%) (solid component) - CORRECT
ANSWER-Determine texture and structure (through distribution of particle sizes)
Gravel, sand, silt, clay, colloids
- Texture based on proportions of sand, silt, and clay
- Important for availability of soil air, water, and nutrients
Peds
- Particles bound by clays and colloids
- Allow water movement
Soil profile
- Vertical section of soil made up of soil horizons
- Horizontal layers
--> Distinct, differ in physical, chemical, and organic composition, and physical
properties (texture, structure, colour)
Horizons
- Topsoil: organic plus mineral components
- subsoil: mineral
- Weathered or decomposed rock: parent material
Soil colour
- Tells us about composition + chemistry
--> Black = organic content
--> White/pale = silica and aluminum oxides
--> Reds and yellows = iron oxides and minerals
- Munsell colour chart : 175 soil colours
components of soil: soil air (gases) (25%) (pore space) - CORRECT ANSWER-- Soil air
to atmosphere comparison:
- CO2 greater in soil air
- O2 less in soil air
Air depends on:
- Soil porosity
- Amount of soil water filling pores
Important for plant + soil organisms and water movement
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
component of soil: soil water (25%) (pore space) - CORRECT ANSWER-Important
resource for plants and soil organisms
Held in soil pores, depending on:
- Amount of water present
- Size of pores—depends on texture and structure
biggest to small soil sizes and porosity - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Gravel
2. Sand
- Most porous (most holes so liquid passes through fastest)
3. Silt
4. Clay
- Least porous
5 soil formation factors (CORPT) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Climate
2. Organisms—organic matter, biotic influences
3. Relief—topography, aspect, elevation
4. Parent Material—mineral constituents
5. Time—change, dynamics (slow)
Climate determines speed and intensity of:
- Mineral weathering:
· Polar, alpine—colder, little free water-->thin soils
· Wet tropics-->deeply weathered mantles
- Organic matter decomposition:
· Chemical, biological reaction rates double for every 10C
Parent material
- Underlying geologic material from which the soil was formed
- Medium on which other soul forming factors, such as climate, act
- Determines: composition, structure, texture, acidity, and nutrients
4 soil forming processes - CORRECT ANSWER-1. INPUTS
- Organic matter from plants or animals
- Mineral deposition from wind or water
2. LOSSES
A) Surface erosion
· Materials removed the organic or top of the mineral horizons
B) Leaching
· Materials dissolved by water
· Solution pulled down by gravity
· Loss could be through to ground water
C) Uptake of nutrients by plants
3. TRANSLOCATION
BRAINSCAPE1
