AQA A-level Biology Latest Revision
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Describe eukaryotic cells -CORRECT ANSWER They are complex cells and include all
animal and plant cells, as well as all algae and fungi cells.
What does it mean if a organism is eukaryotic? -CORRECT ANSWER It is a multi-
cellular organism that is made up of eukaryotic cells.
What is an organelle? -CORRECT ANSWER A part of a cell that plays a specific role.
Name the organelles you might find in an animal cell -CORRECT ANSWER 1)Plasma
cell surface membrane
2)Rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3)nucleus (nucleolus)
4)lysosome
5)ribosome
6)Golgi apparatus
7)cytoplasm
8)mitochondrion
Name the organelles you might find in a plant cell -CORRECT ANSWER 1)Plasma cell
surface membrane
2)cellulose wall
3)chloroplast
4)rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5)mitochondrion
6)Golgi apparatus
7)vacuole
8)cytoplasm
9)nucleus
10) ribosome
How are algal cells similar to plant cells? -CORRECT ANSWER They have the same
organelles.
How are fungal cells different to plant cells? -CORRECT ANSWER Their cell walls are
made of chitin, not cellulose.
They don't have chloroplasts because they don't need to photosynthesise
Describe the cell surface plasma membrane.
,Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER It is found on the inside of cells that also
have a cell wall (plants), and is mainly made up of lipids and proteins.
It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It also has receptor
molecules on it, to allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
Name the components of the nucleus -CORRECT ANSWER 1)nucleolus
2)nuclear envelope
3)nucleoplasm
4)nuclear pores
5)chromatin
Describe the nucleus.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear
envelope which contains many pores. The nucleus contains chromosomes.
The nucleus controls the cell's activities by controlling the transcription of DNA. The
pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleolus
makes ribosomes.
Describe mitochondrion.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER They are usually oval-shaped and have a
double membrane. The inner membrane is folded to form structures called cristae.
Inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration.
The site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced. They are found in large
numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy.
Describe the structure of chloroplasts.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A small, flattened structure found in plant
and algal cells. It is surrounded by a double membrane, and has membrane inside
called thylakoid membranes. They are stacked up in some parts to form grana. Grana
are linked together by lamellae.
The site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts happen in the grana, and other
parts happen in the stroma. (thick fluid found in chloroplasts)
Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound,
flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs.
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes.
Describe the structure of a Golgi vesicle.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm,
surrounded by a membrane, and produced by the Golgi apparatus.
, Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the
cell via the cell surface membrane.
Describe the structure of a lysosome.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A round organelle surrounded by a
membrane, with no clear internal structure. It's a type of Golgi vesicle.
Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes, that are kept separate from the
cytoplasm by the membrane. They can be used to digest invading cells or the break
down worn out components of the cell.
Describe the structure of a ribosome.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A very small organelle that either floats
free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is made up of
proteins and RNA, and is not surrounded by a membrane.
It is the site where proteins are made.
Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (RER)
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-
filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes.
They fold and process proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (SER)
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-
filled space. The surface is completely smooth.
Synthesises and processes lipids.
Describe the structure of the cell wall.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A rigid structure that surrounds cells in
plants, algae and fungi. In plants and algae its mainly made from cellulose, but it in fungi
it is made of chitin.
It supports the cell and prevents them from changing shape.
Describe the structure of the cell vacuole.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A membrane-bound organelle found in the
cytoplasm of plant cells. It contains cell-sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts. The
surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast.
Helps to maintain pressure and rigidity inside the cell. This stops the plants wilting. It is
also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell.
Questions And Correct
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Describe eukaryotic cells -CORRECT ANSWER They are complex cells and include all
animal and plant cells, as well as all algae and fungi cells.
What does it mean if a organism is eukaryotic? -CORRECT ANSWER It is a multi-
cellular organism that is made up of eukaryotic cells.
What is an organelle? -CORRECT ANSWER A part of a cell that plays a specific role.
Name the organelles you might find in an animal cell -CORRECT ANSWER 1)Plasma
cell surface membrane
2)Rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3)nucleus (nucleolus)
4)lysosome
5)ribosome
6)Golgi apparatus
7)cytoplasm
8)mitochondrion
Name the organelles you might find in a plant cell -CORRECT ANSWER 1)Plasma cell
surface membrane
2)cellulose wall
3)chloroplast
4)rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5)mitochondrion
6)Golgi apparatus
7)vacuole
8)cytoplasm
9)nucleus
10) ribosome
How are algal cells similar to plant cells? -CORRECT ANSWER They have the same
organelles.
How are fungal cells different to plant cells? -CORRECT ANSWER Their cell walls are
made of chitin, not cellulose.
They don't have chloroplasts because they don't need to photosynthesise
Describe the cell surface plasma membrane.
,Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER It is found on the inside of cells that also
have a cell wall (plants), and is mainly made up of lipids and proteins.
It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It also has receptor
molecules on it, to allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
Name the components of the nucleus -CORRECT ANSWER 1)nucleolus
2)nuclear envelope
3)nucleoplasm
4)nuclear pores
5)chromatin
Describe the nucleus.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear
envelope which contains many pores. The nucleus contains chromosomes.
The nucleus controls the cell's activities by controlling the transcription of DNA. The
pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleolus
makes ribosomes.
Describe mitochondrion.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER They are usually oval-shaped and have a
double membrane. The inner membrane is folded to form structures called cristae.
Inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration.
The site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced. They are found in large
numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy.
Describe the structure of chloroplasts.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A small, flattened structure found in plant
and algal cells. It is surrounded by a double membrane, and has membrane inside
called thylakoid membranes. They are stacked up in some parts to form grana. Grana
are linked together by lamellae.
The site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts happen in the grana, and other
parts happen in the stroma. (thick fluid found in chloroplasts)
Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound,
flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs.
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes.
Describe the structure of a Golgi vesicle.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm,
surrounded by a membrane, and produced by the Golgi apparatus.
, Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the
cell via the cell surface membrane.
Describe the structure of a lysosome.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A round organelle surrounded by a
membrane, with no clear internal structure. It's a type of Golgi vesicle.
Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes, that are kept separate from the
cytoplasm by the membrane. They can be used to digest invading cells or the break
down worn out components of the cell.
Describe the structure of a ribosome.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A very small organelle that either floats
free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is made up of
proteins and RNA, and is not surrounded by a membrane.
It is the site where proteins are made.
Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (RER)
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-
filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes.
They fold and process proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (SER)
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-
filled space. The surface is completely smooth.
Synthesises and processes lipids.
Describe the structure of the cell wall.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A rigid structure that surrounds cells in
plants, algae and fungi. In plants and algae its mainly made from cellulose, but it in fungi
it is made of chitin.
It supports the cell and prevents them from changing shape.
Describe the structure of the cell vacuole.
Outline the functions. -CORRECT ANSWER A membrane-bound organelle found in the
cytoplasm of plant cells. It contains cell-sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts. The
surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast.
Helps to maintain pressure and rigidity inside the cell. This stops the plants wilting. It is
also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell.
