MMSC 407 Final Exam
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light -CORRECT ANSWER an energy source that can be characterized in terms of
wavelength, amplitude and frequency
-the visible spectrum
wavelength -CORRECT ANSWER the distance between waves
amplitude -CORRECT ANSWER the height of a wave
frequency -CORRECT ANSWER how many waves pass in one second (related to
speed)
high energy waves -CORRECT ANSWER high frequency, very short and compact
wavelengths
-e.g. violet
low energy waves -CORRECT ANSWER low frequency, long wavelengths
-e.g. red
visible spectrum -CORRECT ANSWER the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
from red (lowest energy) to violet (highest energy)
transmitted light -CORRECT ANSWER light that is able to pass through a solution
absorbed light -CORRECT ANSWER light that enters but does not leave a solution
inverse (fill in the blank) -CORRECT ANSWER light Transmittance (T) and absorbance
have a _____________________ relationship
-the more light that is absorbed, the less light there is left over to transmit
beer's law -CORRECT ANSWER A=abc
-A= absorbance (calculated, no units)
-a= molar absorptivity: constant for a compound (L/mol*cm)
-b= light path through the solution: constant because same cuvette is used (cm)
,-c= concentration of substance: value that is responsible for changes in absorbance
because its the only non-constant (mol/L)
directly (fill in the blank) -CORRECT ANSWER absorbance and concentration have a
_______________ proportional relationship
-the higher the absorbance in a sample, the higher the concentration of absorbing
substance was
spectrophotometer -CORRECT ANSWER -light source
-entrance slit: ensures no excess light is able to enter
-monochromator: isolates the particular wavelengths you want to measure
-exit slit
-sample contained (cuvette): determines the constant b (path of light through solution) in
beers law
-photodetector: converts light energy photons into electrical energy
-readout device: generates a voltage signal that measures how much light was detected
glass filter (monochromator) -CORRECT ANSWER colored glass that absorbs and
transmits particular wavelengths of light
-broad bandpass (50 nm)
-cheap
interference filter (monochromator) -CORRECT ANSWER a set of mirrored surfaces
that bounce light back and forth to produce constructive interference to produce desired
bandpass
-5-10 nm bandpass (pretty narrow)
glass prism (monochromator) -CORRECT ANSWER a curved spectrum is produced
and can be rotated to allow desired wavelength through the entrance slit
diffraction grating (monochromator) -CORRECT ANSWER parallel grooves that
produce a linear straight spectrum through bending of light
-best monochromator
-bandpass can be < 1 nm (VERY specific)
calibrator (standard) -CORRECT ANSWER a solution that is used in laboratory
instrument to establish a relationship between the instrument's signal readout and the
concentration of an analyte
-has a single known value (known concentration of analyte) to see if the instrument is
measuring properly
-used to calibrate machine
reference range calculation -CORRECT ANSWER mean +/- 2 standard deviations
establishing reference range -CORRECT ANSWER -evaluate 120 patient samples from
a healthy population
, -population must represent the geographic area that is being served
-evaluate the mean and standard deviation
reference range -CORRECT ANSWER a value that represents the mean + or - 2
standard deviations
-95% of readings should fall in this range
-represents the "normal" ranges for patients to fall in
precision -CORRECT ANSWER how closely results agree with one another when the
results are run in duplicate
accuracy -CORRECT ANSWER how close the measured results are to a "true"/
accepted value
therapeutic range -CORRECT ANSWER the amount of a drug that is needed to achieve
the desired therapeutic effect without being too high (toxic) or too low (no effect)
-the actual dosage that is required to achieve this effect varies a lot depending on the
patient
critical result -CORRECT ANSWER a lab result that is so far out of the normal range
that it is life-threatening to the patient and requires immediate action by a licensed care
provider to correct the value
-needs to be corrected immediate to protect safety of the patient
analytical measurement range -CORRECT ANSWER the range from the highest to
lowest values that a lab instrument/ method can accurately measure
-samples above this range will have to be diluted and then multiplied by dilution factor
-e.g. a blood glucometer can only measure from 50-500 mg/dL
clinically reportable range -CORRECT ANSWER the range of lab result values that are
considered clinically significant
-anything below or above the range is not reported as a number it is just reported as
"high" or "low"
-anything outside of the range may be considered critical so the actual number does not
matter
standard deviation -CORRECT ANSWER a measure of precision that indicates how far
away a value is from the mean
-square root of variance
variance -CORRECT ANSWER an measure of precision that indicates how close
together a group of numbers are
-if there is a small range of numbers, the variance would be small precise
-smaller value=more precise
Update||Questions and
Answers||Already Graded A+||Download
Now||
light -CORRECT ANSWER an energy source that can be characterized in terms of
wavelength, amplitude and frequency
-the visible spectrum
wavelength -CORRECT ANSWER the distance between waves
amplitude -CORRECT ANSWER the height of a wave
frequency -CORRECT ANSWER how many waves pass in one second (related to
speed)
high energy waves -CORRECT ANSWER high frequency, very short and compact
wavelengths
-e.g. violet
low energy waves -CORRECT ANSWER low frequency, long wavelengths
-e.g. red
visible spectrum -CORRECT ANSWER the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
from red (lowest energy) to violet (highest energy)
transmitted light -CORRECT ANSWER light that is able to pass through a solution
absorbed light -CORRECT ANSWER light that enters but does not leave a solution
inverse (fill in the blank) -CORRECT ANSWER light Transmittance (T) and absorbance
have a _____________________ relationship
-the more light that is absorbed, the less light there is left over to transmit
beer's law -CORRECT ANSWER A=abc
-A= absorbance (calculated, no units)
-a= molar absorptivity: constant for a compound (L/mol*cm)
-b= light path through the solution: constant because same cuvette is used (cm)
,-c= concentration of substance: value that is responsible for changes in absorbance
because its the only non-constant (mol/L)
directly (fill in the blank) -CORRECT ANSWER absorbance and concentration have a
_______________ proportional relationship
-the higher the absorbance in a sample, the higher the concentration of absorbing
substance was
spectrophotometer -CORRECT ANSWER -light source
-entrance slit: ensures no excess light is able to enter
-monochromator: isolates the particular wavelengths you want to measure
-exit slit
-sample contained (cuvette): determines the constant b (path of light through solution) in
beers law
-photodetector: converts light energy photons into electrical energy
-readout device: generates a voltage signal that measures how much light was detected
glass filter (monochromator) -CORRECT ANSWER colored glass that absorbs and
transmits particular wavelengths of light
-broad bandpass (50 nm)
-cheap
interference filter (monochromator) -CORRECT ANSWER a set of mirrored surfaces
that bounce light back and forth to produce constructive interference to produce desired
bandpass
-5-10 nm bandpass (pretty narrow)
glass prism (monochromator) -CORRECT ANSWER a curved spectrum is produced
and can be rotated to allow desired wavelength through the entrance slit
diffraction grating (monochromator) -CORRECT ANSWER parallel grooves that
produce a linear straight spectrum through bending of light
-best monochromator
-bandpass can be < 1 nm (VERY specific)
calibrator (standard) -CORRECT ANSWER a solution that is used in laboratory
instrument to establish a relationship between the instrument's signal readout and the
concentration of an analyte
-has a single known value (known concentration of analyte) to see if the instrument is
measuring properly
-used to calibrate machine
reference range calculation -CORRECT ANSWER mean +/- 2 standard deviations
establishing reference range -CORRECT ANSWER -evaluate 120 patient samples from
a healthy population
, -population must represent the geographic area that is being served
-evaluate the mean and standard deviation
reference range -CORRECT ANSWER a value that represents the mean + or - 2
standard deviations
-95% of readings should fall in this range
-represents the "normal" ranges for patients to fall in
precision -CORRECT ANSWER how closely results agree with one another when the
results are run in duplicate
accuracy -CORRECT ANSWER how close the measured results are to a "true"/
accepted value
therapeutic range -CORRECT ANSWER the amount of a drug that is needed to achieve
the desired therapeutic effect without being too high (toxic) or too low (no effect)
-the actual dosage that is required to achieve this effect varies a lot depending on the
patient
critical result -CORRECT ANSWER a lab result that is so far out of the normal range
that it is life-threatening to the patient and requires immediate action by a licensed care
provider to correct the value
-needs to be corrected immediate to protect safety of the patient
analytical measurement range -CORRECT ANSWER the range from the highest to
lowest values that a lab instrument/ method can accurately measure
-samples above this range will have to be diluted and then multiplied by dilution factor
-e.g. a blood glucometer can only measure from 50-500 mg/dL
clinically reportable range -CORRECT ANSWER the range of lab result values that are
considered clinically significant
-anything below or above the range is not reported as a number it is just reported as
"high" or "low"
-anything outside of the range may be considered critical so the actual number does not
matter
standard deviation -CORRECT ANSWER a measure of precision that indicates how far
away a value is from the mean
-square root of variance
variance -CORRECT ANSWER an measure of precision that indicates how close
together a group of numbers are
-if there is a small range of numbers, the variance would be small precise
-smaller value=more precise
