NM 701 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update

NM 701 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update What is the endocrine triad that controls the menstrual cycle? - Answers The HPO axis The hypothalamus secretes _____________? - Answers GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) -this stimulates the ant. pituitary Stimulated by GnRH, the anterior pituitary makes _______________? - Answers FSH and LH -these act on the ovaries What does FSH do? - Answers stimulates the ovaries to produce follicles, which produce estrogen FSH--ovaries--estrogen What does LH do? - Answers promotes ovulation What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle? - Answers 1. follicular phase 2. ovulation 3. luteal phase What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle? - Answers 1. Proliferative 2. Secretory 3. Menstrual When is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle - Answers From start of menstruation to just before ovulation Lasts ~10 to 17 days, variable What is happening in Days 1 to 5 of the follicular phase? - Answers 10 to 20 follicles are growing, secreting estrogen, competing for dominance estrogen at moderate level; acts on hypothalamus and ant. pituitary to *inhibit* FSH and LH (negative feedback loop) What happens Days 7 to end of the follicular phase? - Answers Day 7, a follicle is chosen! Others breakdown This follicle produces *high* levels of estrogen, stimulates FSH and LH (positive feedback loop) *ovulation induced by LH surge* dominant follicle bulging and ready to pop Describe the ovulatory phase - Answers 32 to 44 hours after LH surge *POP* ovulation predictor tests measure LH What is the corpus luteum? - Answers After ovulation, walls of follicle collapse in, create corpus luteum (CL) produces large amounts of progesterone Describe the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle - Answers Consistently 14 days from ovulation to start of next menses *CL produces copious progesterone* for ~9 to 11 days --suppresses new follicle formation --elevates basal body temp What happens if no conception occurs after ovulation? - Answers CL rapidly regresses 9 to 11 days after ovulation --declining progesterone --w/d of hormones --menstruation at 14 days When is the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle? - Answers ~days 5 to 14 (pre-ovulation) What happens during the proliferative phase? - Answers Increasing plasma estrogen causes: -endometrium thickens and regenerates -endocervical glands produce thin, clear mucus to lube vagina, facilitate sperm capture and transportation *estrogen is the get pregnant hormone* (prepares environment) Proliferative and ____________________ phase roughly coincide? - Answers end of the follicular uterine tissue is growing AND follicles are growing When is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle? - Answers ~days 14 to 28 (post-ovulation) What happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle? - Answers Progesterone (from CL) acts on estrogen-primed endometrium: -endometrium thickens and secretes glycogen, mucus, etc -encourages uterine quiescence (no cramps, relaxed) -cervical mucus thick, sticky (keeps out pathogens) *progesterone is the stay-pregnant hormone* Secretory and ____________________ phase roughly coincide - Answers luteal CL producing progesterone, which causes pregnancy-supporting changes When is the menstrual phase? - Answers ~Days 1 to 5 What happens during the menstrual phase? - Answers -degeneration of the endometrial lining -sloughing -- menstrual flow -constriction of spiral arterioles -- endometrial ischemia