NM 701 Final Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
What contraceptive methods are in each effectiveness tier? - Answers Most effective:
Sterilization, IUD's & Implants
High medium: Injectable, Pill, Patch, Ring, Diaphragm
Low medium: Condoms, Pull out, Sponge, Cervical Cap
Least effective: Fertility awareness & Spermicide
Diaphragm Education - Answers -Place up to 6h before
-Fill inner surface 2/3 with 2tsp spermicide
-Insert by squatting, reclining, or lifting leg
-Squeeze rim together with dome pointing down, push in as far as it will go, covering cervix
-Check placement
-Leave in for 6-24h
-Apply more spermicide to outside for multiple acts
Cervical Cap education - Answers -Place anytime before arousal
-Coat inside, rim & outside with spermicide.
-Insert by squatting, leg up, or by reclining.
-Insert long/thick side first as far in as possible, position over cervix.
-Push onto cervix, pressing up to expel air and create suction.
-Leave in 6-8h after sex, up to 48h
-Remove by grabbing loop, twist or push to break suction (may hear 'pop') then remove from
vagina and clean
Contraceptive Sponge advantages & disadvantages - Answers Adv:
-Not partner dependent
-Insert hours before intercourse
-Active immediately
-Can remain in place up to 24h
,Dis:
-Non-reusable
-May ↑UTI risk
Vasectomy advantages & disadvantages - Answers Adv:
-Most effective method
-Simple, safer than female sterilization
-No supplies or follow-up needed after sperm count
-Local anesthesia
-no sex interference
Dis:
-Fear of sexual function interference
-Regret
-Need backup method until no motile sperm
-Post-procedure discomfort, bruising, swelling
-No STI protection
Combination Oral Contraceptives (COCs) - Answers -Active pills contain: Estrogen- commonly
estradiol
-Progestin- 1 of 7 commonly used.
-Traditional packs have 21 active pills, newer formulations may differ.
-Inactive pills- number and contents vary. More recently approved pills have <7 inactive pills per
pack.
-Tier 2
Combination Contraceptives MOA - Answers -1° -Ovulation suppression
-2°- CM thickening
-3°- thin asynchronous endometrium inhibits implantation
-4°- slower tubal motility
, Combination Contraceptives complications - Answers DVT (↑ risk with higher estrogen doses)
MI and stroke risk for smokers >35y old, women with HTN, DM, hyperlipidemia, or obesity,
migraines with aura
HTN
Neoplasia w/ high dose
Cholelithiasis/ cholecystitis in higher dose formulations
Dry eyes with contacts
Visual changes- retinal thrombosis
Combination Oral Contraceptives (COCs) Advantages & Disadvantages - Answers Adv:
Decreased blood loss and anemia
More predictable menses
Eliminates ovulation pain
Can manipulate timing and frequency of menses
Prevents/treats endometriosis
↓ risk of endometrial, ovarian and colorectal cancers
Treats acne, hirsutism, and other androgen excess/ sensitivity disorders
↓Dysmenorrhea, PMS, PMDD
*Amenorrhea can be attained by taking monophasic pills continuously, skipping placebo pills.
May need to start with bicycling or tricycling method to achieve amenorrhea.
Dis:
Decreased libido/anorgasmia
Daily pill-taking
SE: HA, N/V, bloating (mostly placebo days?)
Spotting
Post-pill amenorrhea (up to 6m)
↓ effectiveness with some broad-spectrum antibiotic use
What contraceptive methods are in each effectiveness tier? - Answers Most effective:
Sterilization, IUD's & Implants
High medium: Injectable, Pill, Patch, Ring, Diaphragm
Low medium: Condoms, Pull out, Sponge, Cervical Cap
Least effective: Fertility awareness & Spermicide
Diaphragm Education - Answers -Place up to 6h before
-Fill inner surface 2/3 with 2tsp spermicide
-Insert by squatting, reclining, or lifting leg
-Squeeze rim together with dome pointing down, push in as far as it will go, covering cervix
-Check placement
-Leave in for 6-24h
-Apply more spermicide to outside for multiple acts
Cervical Cap education - Answers -Place anytime before arousal
-Coat inside, rim & outside with spermicide.
-Insert by squatting, leg up, or by reclining.
-Insert long/thick side first as far in as possible, position over cervix.
-Push onto cervix, pressing up to expel air and create suction.
-Leave in 6-8h after sex, up to 48h
-Remove by grabbing loop, twist or push to break suction (may hear 'pop') then remove from
vagina and clean
Contraceptive Sponge advantages & disadvantages - Answers Adv:
-Not partner dependent
-Insert hours before intercourse
-Active immediately
-Can remain in place up to 24h
,Dis:
-Non-reusable
-May ↑UTI risk
Vasectomy advantages & disadvantages - Answers Adv:
-Most effective method
-Simple, safer than female sterilization
-No supplies or follow-up needed after sperm count
-Local anesthesia
-no sex interference
Dis:
-Fear of sexual function interference
-Regret
-Need backup method until no motile sperm
-Post-procedure discomfort, bruising, swelling
-No STI protection
Combination Oral Contraceptives (COCs) - Answers -Active pills contain: Estrogen- commonly
estradiol
-Progestin- 1 of 7 commonly used.
-Traditional packs have 21 active pills, newer formulations may differ.
-Inactive pills- number and contents vary. More recently approved pills have <7 inactive pills per
pack.
-Tier 2
Combination Contraceptives MOA - Answers -1° -Ovulation suppression
-2°- CM thickening
-3°- thin asynchronous endometrium inhibits implantation
-4°- slower tubal motility
, Combination Contraceptives complications - Answers DVT (↑ risk with higher estrogen doses)
MI and stroke risk for smokers >35y old, women with HTN, DM, hyperlipidemia, or obesity,
migraines with aura
HTN
Neoplasia w/ high dose
Cholelithiasis/ cholecystitis in higher dose formulations
Dry eyes with contacts
Visual changes- retinal thrombosis
Combination Oral Contraceptives (COCs) Advantages & Disadvantages - Answers Adv:
Decreased blood loss and anemia
More predictable menses
Eliminates ovulation pain
Can manipulate timing and frequency of menses
Prevents/treats endometriosis
↓ risk of endometrial, ovarian and colorectal cancers
Treats acne, hirsutism, and other androgen excess/ sensitivity disorders
↓Dysmenorrhea, PMS, PMDD
*Amenorrhea can be attained by taking monophasic pills continuously, skipping placebo pills.
May need to start with bicycling or tricycling method to achieve amenorrhea.
Dis:
Decreased libido/anorgasmia
Daily pill-taking
SE: HA, N/V, bloating (mostly placebo days?)
Spotting
Post-pill amenorrhea (up to 6m)
↓ effectiveness with some broad-spectrum antibiotic use
