MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1: WUNDERLICH | QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Terms in this set (71)
A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma
membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial
dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular
Describe the characteristics of injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and
apoptosis. heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that
after muscle heart injury that stem cells exist in the
heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages
and is profoundly changing the understanding of
myocardial biology!!
Cellular adaptation: Atrophy Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
Increase in size of cell
Cellular adaptation: Another cellular adaptation that can actually be
Hypertrophy beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as an
endurance training-this is referred to as physiologic
hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs
secondary to HTN.
Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate
in about 2 weeks. Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Cellular adaptation:
Hyperplasia
Replacement of cells
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining have been replaced by stratified squamous
,epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant is stopped.
, ATP = energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
Cellular metabolism: During A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's
ischemia, what effect does the sodium-phosphate (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium
loss of the adenosine exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
triphosphate (ATP) level have accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of
on cells? potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is
discussed in chapter one). Sodium and water then can
enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism Results when oxygen reserves are depleted.
(glycolysis)
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group
of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one
unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to
stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or
steals one. Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical
Free radicals play a major
bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates— key
role in the initiation and
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
progression of which
diseases? Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that
reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation
and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure.
Cellular injury: What is a Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles,
consequence of leakage of including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting
lysosomes during chemical synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
injury?
Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
Fatty Liver acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning
properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) The cell component most vulnerable to the target of radiation.
Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Aging and the cell/tissues:
Decreased production of HCL and delayed
ANSWERS
Terms in this set (71)
A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma
membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial
dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular
Describe the characteristics of injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and
apoptosis. heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that
after muscle heart injury that stem cells exist in the
heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages
and is profoundly changing the understanding of
myocardial biology!!
Cellular adaptation: Atrophy Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
Increase in size of cell
Cellular adaptation: Another cellular adaptation that can actually be
Hypertrophy beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as an
endurance training-this is referred to as physiologic
hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs
secondary to HTN.
Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate
in about 2 weeks. Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Cellular adaptation:
Hyperplasia
Replacement of cells
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining have been replaced by stratified squamous
,epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant is stopped.
, ATP = energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
Cellular metabolism: During A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's
ischemia, what effect does the sodium-phosphate (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium
loss of the adenosine exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
triphosphate (ATP) level have accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of
on cells? potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is
discussed in chapter one). Sodium and water then can
enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism Results when oxygen reserves are depleted.
(glycolysis)
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group
of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one
unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to
stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or
steals one. Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical
Free radicals play a major
bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates— key
role in the initiation and
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
progression of which
diseases? Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that
reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation
and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure.
Cellular injury: What is a Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles,
consequence of leakage of including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting
lysosomes during chemical synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
injury?
Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
Fatty Liver acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning
properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) The cell component most vulnerable to the target of radiation.
Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Aging and the cell/tissues:
Decreased production of HCL and delayed
