HNF 471 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADE
2025/2026.
2 systems that influence weight/eating - ANS homeostatic (appetite influenced by hormones;
hunger and fullness); hedonic (eating influenced by something other than hunger)
Satiation - ANS measure of fullness that signals the end of an eating occasion (feeling)
Satiety - ANS measure of time to next eating occasion (timeframe)
Expected satiety - ANS how long you think the amount of a certain food will keep you full
Only GI hormone that increases food intake - ANS ghrelin
Adiposity hormones - ANS insulin and leptin
Anorexigenic hormones - ANS activate the POM/CART neurons, and the message to stop
eating is sent
Orexigenic hormones (or lack of anorexigenic hormones) - ANS activate NPY/AGRP neurons,
and the message to eat is sent
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Hedonic drivers - ANS reward system in brain, sensory properties of food, memory of
previous experiences, mood, fed vs. fasted state
Reward system in the brain - ANS eating produces endogenous opioids, dopamine, and
serotonin (feel good chemicals) - sugar is very good at this
3 ways to expend energy - ANS basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity
Factor influencing energy expenditure from basal metabolic rate - ANS thyroid hormone
(low-low)
Factor influencing energy expenditure from thermic effect of food - ANS macronutrient
content and food matrix; fat = easiest to digest, protein = hardest
Factor influencing energy expenditure from physical activity - ANS muscle mass, duration,
and intensity
Weight loss goals - ANS - 3-5% loss reduces triglycerides, blood glucose, and risk of
developing T2DM
- 5-10% loss decreases LDL cholesterol and BP, decreases amount of medication to control
T2DM
Weight maintenance - ANS keeping weight off for at least a year
MNT for weight loss - ANS - individualized diet of: 1200-1500 kcal/day for women; 1500-
1800 kcal/day for men
- energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/day (use MSJ then subtract)
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (high CHO, low fiber, or high fat) to
create negative energy balance
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Physical activity guidelines - ANS 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity/week or 75-
150 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity per week
Insulin and leptin resistance - ANS happens in obesity; Fat cells are full, leptin is released by
adipose tissue, but brain doesn't get the message to reduce intake despite LOTS of leptin
(message isn't getting through)
Factors associated with higher risk of weight regain - ANS - decrease in leisure time physical
activity, dietary restraint, and frequency of self-weighing
- increase in percentage of energy intake from fat and disinhibition (not being as strict with
diet)
Metabolic adaptation - ANS slowing of RMR that is often greater than would be expected
based on the measured changes in body composition
Ozempic - ANS GLP-1 analog; delays stomach emptying so you feel fuller longer (Wegovy
used for weight loss, ozempic used for diabetes)
What type of disease is obesity? - ANS chronic
Types of gastric bypass - ANS restrictive, malabsorptive, restrictive-malabsorptive
Restrictive gastric bypass - ANS induce weight loss by reducing stomach size and thus limiting
caloric intake; avg weight loss = ~60% of excess weight in first 12-18 months
Malabsorptive gastric bypass - ANS rarely performed because of the high risk of serious long
term complications
Restrictive-malabsorptive - ANS reduce stomach size and alter normal gastric function,
disrupt proper absorption of ingested nutrients; avg weight loss = ~77% of excess body weight
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADE
2025/2026.
2 systems that influence weight/eating - ANS homeostatic (appetite influenced by hormones;
hunger and fullness); hedonic (eating influenced by something other than hunger)
Satiation - ANS measure of fullness that signals the end of an eating occasion (feeling)
Satiety - ANS measure of time to next eating occasion (timeframe)
Expected satiety - ANS how long you think the amount of a certain food will keep you full
Only GI hormone that increases food intake - ANS ghrelin
Adiposity hormones - ANS insulin and leptin
Anorexigenic hormones - ANS activate the POM/CART neurons, and the message to stop
eating is sent
Orexigenic hormones (or lack of anorexigenic hormones) - ANS activate NPY/AGRP neurons,
and the message to eat is sent
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Hedonic drivers - ANS reward system in brain, sensory properties of food, memory of
previous experiences, mood, fed vs. fasted state
Reward system in the brain - ANS eating produces endogenous opioids, dopamine, and
serotonin (feel good chemicals) - sugar is very good at this
3 ways to expend energy - ANS basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity
Factor influencing energy expenditure from basal metabolic rate - ANS thyroid hormone
(low-low)
Factor influencing energy expenditure from thermic effect of food - ANS macronutrient
content and food matrix; fat = easiest to digest, protein = hardest
Factor influencing energy expenditure from physical activity - ANS muscle mass, duration,
and intensity
Weight loss goals - ANS - 3-5% loss reduces triglycerides, blood glucose, and risk of
developing T2DM
- 5-10% loss decreases LDL cholesterol and BP, decreases amount of medication to control
T2DM
Weight maintenance - ANS keeping weight off for at least a year
MNT for weight loss - ANS - individualized diet of: 1200-1500 kcal/day for women; 1500-
1800 kcal/day for men
- energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/day (use MSJ then subtract)
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (high CHO, low fiber, or high fat) to
create negative energy balance
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Physical activity guidelines - ANS 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity/week or 75-
150 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity per week
Insulin and leptin resistance - ANS happens in obesity; Fat cells are full, leptin is released by
adipose tissue, but brain doesn't get the message to reduce intake despite LOTS of leptin
(message isn't getting through)
Factors associated with higher risk of weight regain - ANS - decrease in leisure time physical
activity, dietary restraint, and frequency of self-weighing
- increase in percentage of energy intake from fat and disinhibition (not being as strict with
diet)
Metabolic adaptation - ANS slowing of RMR that is often greater than would be expected
based on the measured changes in body composition
Ozempic - ANS GLP-1 analog; delays stomach emptying so you feel fuller longer (Wegovy
used for weight loss, ozempic used for diabetes)
What type of disease is obesity? - ANS chronic
Types of gastric bypass - ANS restrictive, malabsorptive, restrictive-malabsorptive
Restrictive gastric bypass - ANS induce weight loss by reducing stomach size and thus limiting
caloric intake; avg weight loss = ~60% of excess weight in first 12-18 months
Malabsorptive gastric bypass - ANS rarely performed because of the high risk of serious long
term complications
Restrictive-malabsorptive - ANS reduce stomach size and alter normal gastric function,
disrupt proper absorption of ingested nutrients; avg weight loss = ~77% of excess body weight
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
