HNF 471 MINI EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADE
2025/2026.
Problem related to Etiology as evidencedby Signs/Symptoms
Labs- Na - ANS levels typically reflect fluid balance rather than sodium balance;needed for
transmission of neuromuscular impulses, acid-base balance,fluid balance
Hyponatremia may be caused by - ANS vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suction,
excessiveperspiration, continuous IV 5% Dextrose/water; low-sodium diet, burns,inflammatory
reactions, tissue injury, and DRUGS - esp. diuretics.
Factitious hyponatremia - ANS caused by high glucose
Pseudohyponatremia - ANS caused by high triglyceride and/or protein levels
Hypernatremia can mean: - ANS dehydration, severe vomiting & diarrhea, CHF,
Cushing'sdisease, hepatic failure, high-sodium diet
Severe hyponatremia (< 120 mEq/L) can lead to.... - ANS seizure, coma, and death
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, K - abnormal values are more of a concern compared to Na. - ANS Cardiac arrhythmias and
neurological disturbances are seen with high or low levels.
Hypokalemia can be caused by - ANS decreased intake, protracted vomiting, renal loss,
cirrhosis
and nasogastric aspiration
Cl - ANS Chloride plays a role in fluid balance and acid-base balance aswell. However, many
times the chloride test is ignored; in most caseswhen the sodium value is normal the chloride
value will be normal.So in some hospitals, testing for chloride is not performed very often.
CO2 or HCO3 - ANS carbon dioxide or bicarbonate - when blood pH is too high(alkalosis) or
too low (acidosis), the cause can be either respiratory or metabolicin origin. If this value and
blood pH are too high, then it is metabolic alkalosis. Ifthis value and blood pH are too low, then
it is metabolic acidosis.
BUN - ANS elevated in kidney disease and protein catabolism, and dehydration;decreased in
liver failure, negative nitrogen balance, and pregnancy.
Creatinine - ANS by product of creatine breakdown; excreted by the kidneys soreflects
kidney function. Renal problems indicated when high. High-dose vitaminC and dehydration can
raise values, but BUN usually increases faster, giving you ahigh BUN:Creat ratio
Glucose - ANS high in diabetes; can be seen in trauma (non-diabetic "stress
inducedhyperglycemia")
Albumin - ANS In the past, Alb was believed to be a marker of protein intake and general
nutritional status.Now, albumin is not considered to be a good marker of much of anything
exceptinflammation. Alb has a half-life of 3 weeks and is a negative acute phase protein. Not
usefulin the acute care setting. Pts post-surgery almost always have low Alb. Low Alb
associatedwith edema
Total protein - ANS Measurement of the two classes of protein in the blood - albumin and
globulins
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADE
2025/2026.
Problem related to Etiology as evidencedby Signs/Symptoms
Labs- Na - ANS levels typically reflect fluid balance rather than sodium balance;needed for
transmission of neuromuscular impulses, acid-base balance,fluid balance
Hyponatremia may be caused by - ANS vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suction,
excessiveperspiration, continuous IV 5% Dextrose/water; low-sodium diet, burns,inflammatory
reactions, tissue injury, and DRUGS - esp. diuretics.
Factitious hyponatremia - ANS caused by high glucose
Pseudohyponatremia - ANS caused by high triglyceride and/or protein levels
Hypernatremia can mean: - ANS dehydration, severe vomiting & diarrhea, CHF,
Cushing'sdisease, hepatic failure, high-sodium diet
Severe hyponatremia (< 120 mEq/L) can lead to.... - ANS seizure, coma, and death
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, K - abnormal values are more of a concern compared to Na. - ANS Cardiac arrhythmias and
neurological disturbances are seen with high or low levels.
Hypokalemia can be caused by - ANS decreased intake, protracted vomiting, renal loss,
cirrhosis
and nasogastric aspiration
Cl - ANS Chloride plays a role in fluid balance and acid-base balance aswell. However, many
times the chloride test is ignored; in most caseswhen the sodium value is normal the chloride
value will be normal.So in some hospitals, testing for chloride is not performed very often.
CO2 or HCO3 - ANS carbon dioxide or bicarbonate - when blood pH is too high(alkalosis) or
too low (acidosis), the cause can be either respiratory or metabolicin origin. If this value and
blood pH are too high, then it is metabolic alkalosis. Ifthis value and blood pH are too low, then
it is metabolic acidosis.
BUN - ANS elevated in kidney disease and protein catabolism, and dehydration;decreased in
liver failure, negative nitrogen balance, and pregnancy.
Creatinine - ANS by product of creatine breakdown; excreted by the kidneys soreflects
kidney function. Renal problems indicated when high. High-dose vitaminC and dehydration can
raise values, but BUN usually increases faster, giving you ahigh BUN:Creat ratio
Glucose - ANS high in diabetes; can be seen in trauma (non-diabetic "stress
inducedhyperglycemia")
Albumin - ANS In the past, Alb was believed to be a marker of protein intake and general
nutritional status.Now, albumin is not considered to be a good marker of much of anything
exceptinflammation. Alb has a half-life of 3 weeks and is a negative acute phase protein. Not
usefulin the acute care setting. Pts post-surgery almost always have low Alb. Low Alb
associatedwith edema
Total protein - ANS Measurement of the two classes of protein in the blood - albumin and
globulins
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
