BIO101 ‒ Topic 19: Reproduction in Plants and Animals
Course Code: BIO 101 ¦ Course Name: General Biology
© Lesuyai Organic Guides 2025 (Original ¦ Educational ¦ Professional ¦ Plagiarism-Free ¦ A4 Format)
19.1 Introduction to Reproduction
Reproduction is the biological process by which living organisms give rise to new individuals of the same
species. It ensures continuity of life and transmission of genetic information across generations.
19.2 Importance of Reproduction
• Continuity of species.
• Replacement of old and dying individuals.
• Transmission of genetic traits.
• Maintenance of population balance.
• Evolution through variation.
19.3 Types of Reproduction
Asexual reproduction: one parent, identical offspring (e.g., bacteria).
Sexual reproduction: two parents, gamete fusion, genetic variation (e.g., humans, flowering plants).
19.4 Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Also known as vegetative propagation. Methods include:
1. Cuttings ‒ cassava.
2. Layering ‒ hibiscus.
3. Grafting ‒ mango.
4. Budding ‒ yeast.
5. Tubers, bulbs, rhizomes.
Advantages: fast, preserves traits.
Disadvantages: no variation, disease spread.
19.5 Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Involves gamete formation and fusion in flowers.
Stamen ‒ male part, produces pollen.
Carpel ‒ female part, contains ovules.
Processes:
1. Pollination (self or cross).
2. Fertilization ‒ fusion of gametes.
3. Seed and fruit formation.
4. Germination ‒ growth of new plant.
19.6 Reproduction in Animals
Involves fusion of gametes (sperm and ova).
Fertilization → Zygote → Embryo.
Course Code: BIO 101 ¦ Course Name: General Biology
© Lesuyai Organic Guides 2025 (Original ¦ Educational ¦ Professional ¦ Plagiarism-Free ¦ A4 Format)
19.1 Introduction to Reproduction
Reproduction is the biological process by which living organisms give rise to new individuals of the same
species. It ensures continuity of life and transmission of genetic information across generations.
19.2 Importance of Reproduction
• Continuity of species.
• Replacement of old and dying individuals.
• Transmission of genetic traits.
• Maintenance of population balance.
• Evolution through variation.
19.3 Types of Reproduction
Asexual reproduction: one parent, identical offspring (e.g., bacteria).
Sexual reproduction: two parents, gamete fusion, genetic variation (e.g., humans, flowering plants).
19.4 Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Also known as vegetative propagation. Methods include:
1. Cuttings ‒ cassava.
2. Layering ‒ hibiscus.
3. Grafting ‒ mango.
4. Budding ‒ yeast.
5. Tubers, bulbs, rhizomes.
Advantages: fast, preserves traits.
Disadvantages: no variation, disease spread.
19.5 Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Involves gamete formation and fusion in flowers.
Stamen ‒ male part, produces pollen.
Carpel ‒ female part, contains ovules.
Processes:
1. Pollination (self or cross).
2. Fertilization ‒ fusion of gametes.
3. Seed and fruit formation.
4. Germination ‒ growth of new plant.
19.6 Reproduction in Animals
Involves fusion of gametes (sperm and ova).
Fertilization → Zygote → Embryo.
