PUBH 6011 FINAL EXAM PRACTICE
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
NEW MODIFIED GRADED A+ BEST QUALITY
EXAM LATEST 2026
Bacteria vs Virus --CORRECT ANSWER--bacteria
-prokaryotic cell
-most are free living
-relatively large
-antibiotics used to kill
Virus
-not a living cell (genes packaged in protein shell)
-intracellular parasite
-1/1000 size of a bacteria
-vaccine used to prevent
-antiviral treatment
protein synthesis --CORRECT ANSWER--the formation of proteins by using
information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
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,DNA transcription RNA translation protein
Role of DNA --CORRECT ANSWER--storing information, copying
information, and transmitting information
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis (transcription) --CORRECT ANSWER--
single stranded messenger that carries the genetic information copied from
DNA in the form of a series of a three base code of words.
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis (translation) --CORRECT ANSWER--is the
key to diciphering the code words from mRNA
Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis --CORRECT ANSWER--ribosomes are
complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large
numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
Explain how biological and genetic factors can influence our response to
environmental hazards --CORRECT ANSWER--mutagens- pollutants in the
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,environment that can enter the body and directly change your DNA sequence
(ex. the chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause cancer)
Gene-gene interactions: ○ occur when pollutants in the environment do not
change your DNA sequence, but rather cause a chain reaction that affects the
functioning of one gene that then affects the functioning of another gene
■ Ex. Regularly drinking way too much alcohol can cause the gene TACE not
to produce enough of its protein. TACE protein is supposed to help the MTHFR
gene make enough of its protein. Too little MTHRF protein changes the level of
folate in our blood, and low folate levels may cause depression.
○ Transcription factors - pollutants in the environment can indirectly affect the
DNA sequence by altering transcription factors, which are responsible for
starting the process of using genes to make proteins that are needed for different
functions in the body
■ Ex. stress can change the amount of proteins made by genes involved in your
immune system and therefore, you may get sick more easily when you're
stressed
○ Epigenetics - the environment can alter your health by affecting the proteins
that turns genes on or off
■ Half the genes that cause familial or inherited cancer are turned off when
pollutants in the environment affect these proteins. Because they are turned off,
these genes cannot suppress tumor formation or repair DNA
Page 3 of 104
, Explain the role of the microbiome and its role in disease prevention --
CORRECT ANSWER--Microbiota → gut microbiota
- Involved in basic human biological processes
- Chronic disease have been associated with the human microbiota
Antibiotics can disrupt microbiota
The bacteria in the microbiome help digest our food, regulate our immune
system, protect against other bacteria that cause disease, and produce vitamins
including B vitamins B12, thiamine and riboflavin, and Vitamin K, which is
needed for blood coagulation.
Understand the major function of cells --CORRECT ANSWER--Cell
differentiation: in bone marrow, adult stem cell can reproduce and splits to
either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor, which can then differentiate into many
kinds of cells
Homeostasis and cell injury: many adverse biological effects occur when cells
are damaged, damage can be to any part of the cell, causes can be infectious
agents, oxygen deprivation, trauma, chemicals, nutritional imbalances
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis --CORRECT ANSWER--Apoptosis- programmed cell
death, active, orderly and organized; requires energy a plan and enzymatic
degradation of proteins/dna; produces neatly packed cell fragments that are
recycled
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QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
NEW MODIFIED GRADED A+ BEST QUALITY
EXAM LATEST 2026
Bacteria vs Virus --CORRECT ANSWER--bacteria
-prokaryotic cell
-most are free living
-relatively large
-antibiotics used to kill
Virus
-not a living cell (genes packaged in protein shell)
-intracellular parasite
-1/1000 size of a bacteria
-vaccine used to prevent
-antiviral treatment
protein synthesis --CORRECT ANSWER--the formation of proteins by using
information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
Page 1 of 104
,DNA transcription RNA translation protein
Role of DNA --CORRECT ANSWER--storing information, copying
information, and transmitting information
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis (transcription) --CORRECT ANSWER--
single stranded messenger that carries the genetic information copied from
DNA in the form of a series of a three base code of words.
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis (translation) --CORRECT ANSWER--is the
key to diciphering the code words from mRNA
Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis --CORRECT ANSWER--ribosomes are
complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large
numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
Explain how biological and genetic factors can influence our response to
environmental hazards --CORRECT ANSWER--mutagens- pollutants in the
Page 2 of 104
,environment that can enter the body and directly change your DNA sequence
(ex. the chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause cancer)
Gene-gene interactions: ○ occur when pollutants in the environment do not
change your DNA sequence, but rather cause a chain reaction that affects the
functioning of one gene that then affects the functioning of another gene
■ Ex. Regularly drinking way too much alcohol can cause the gene TACE not
to produce enough of its protein. TACE protein is supposed to help the MTHFR
gene make enough of its protein. Too little MTHRF protein changes the level of
folate in our blood, and low folate levels may cause depression.
○ Transcription factors - pollutants in the environment can indirectly affect the
DNA sequence by altering transcription factors, which are responsible for
starting the process of using genes to make proteins that are needed for different
functions in the body
■ Ex. stress can change the amount of proteins made by genes involved in your
immune system and therefore, you may get sick more easily when you're
stressed
○ Epigenetics - the environment can alter your health by affecting the proteins
that turns genes on or off
■ Half the genes that cause familial or inherited cancer are turned off when
pollutants in the environment affect these proteins. Because they are turned off,
these genes cannot suppress tumor formation or repair DNA
Page 3 of 104
, Explain the role of the microbiome and its role in disease prevention --
CORRECT ANSWER--Microbiota → gut microbiota
- Involved in basic human biological processes
- Chronic disease have been associated with the human microbiota
Antibiotics can disrupt microbiota
The bacteria in the microbiome help digest our food, regulate our immune
system, protect against other bacteria that cause disease, and produce vitamins
including B vitamins B12, thiamine and riboflavin, and Vitamin K, which is
needed for blood coagulation.
Understand the major function of cells --CORRECT ANSWER--Cell
differentiation: in bone marrow, adult stem cell can reproduce and splits to
either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor, which can then differentiate into many
kinds of cells
Homeostasis and cell injury: many adverse biological effects occur when cells
are damaged, damage can be to any part of the cell, causes can be infectious
agents, oxygen deprivation, trauma, chemicals, nutritional imbalances
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis --CORRECT ANSWER--Apoptosis- programmed cell
death, active, orderly and organized; requires energy a plan and enzymatic
degradation of proteins/dna; produces neatly packed cell fragments that are
recycled
Page 4 of 104
