https://www.dropbox.com/sh/km5xpcyo2i6234h/AAC0VCLtYBqc1T2XuKbsPMpwa?dl=0
LICHAAM EN GEDRAG
Body and Behaviour PSY1023
RIK LAVICKA
, Inhoud
Tutorial 1. Brain structure ....................................................................................................................... 5
Doorsnedes in het brein ...................................................................................................................... 5
Richtingen in het brein ........................................................................................................................ 5
Ontwikkeling van het brein ................................................................................................................. 7
Zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Meninges ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Het ventrikelsysteem en de productie van cerebrospinale vloeistof ........................................... 10
Het centrale zenuwstelsel ............................................................................................................. 12
Perifere zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................................... 21
Tutorial 2. Structure of the nerve cell ................................................................................................... 24
Neuronen........................................................................................................................................... 24
Supporting cells ................................................................................................................................. 27
The blood-drain barrier ..................................................................................................................... 28
Neurale communicatie ...................................................................................................................... 29
Meten van elektrische potentialen van axonen ................................................................................ 29
Het membraan potentiaal ................................................................................................................. 30
Het actiepotentiaal ............................................................................................................................ 31
Geleiding van het actiepotentiaal ..................................................................................................... 35
Task 3. Communication between neurons & neurotransmitters in the psychopharmacology ............ 36
Communicatie tussen neuronen ....................................................................................................... 36
Vrijlaten van neurotransmitters .................................................................................................... 37
Activatie van receptoren ................................................................................................................... 38
Postsynaptic potentials ..................................................................................................................... 39
Beëindiging van postsynaptische potentialen................................................................................... 40
Effecten van postsynaptische potentialen; neurale integratie ......................................................... 40
Autoreceptoren ................................................................................................................................. 41
Andere soorten synapsen.................................................................................................................. 41
Andere vormen van chemische communicatie ................................................................................. 41
Neurotransmitters ............................................................................................................................. 42
Amino ACID neurotransmitters ..................................................................................................... 42
Monoamineneurotransmitters ..................................................................................................... 42
Acetylcholine ................................................................................................................................. 43
Unconventional neurotransmitters ............................................................................................... 43
Neuropeptides ............................................................................................................................... 43
Farmacologie van synaptische transmissie en gedrag ...................................................................... 46
1
,Task 4. neuroscientific methods............................................................................................................ 48
Experimental ablation ....................................................................................................................... 48
Produceren van een lesion in het brein ........................................................................................ 48
Stereotaxic surgery ........................................................................................................................ 48
Histologische methoden.................................................................................................................... 49
Traceren van neurale verbindingen .............................................................................................. 52
Structuren van het levende brein bestuderen .................................................................................. 53
Neurale activiteit registreren en stimuleren ..................................................................................... 56
Registreren van neurale activiteit ................................................................................................. 56
Registreren van metabolische en synaptische activiteiten in het brein ....................................... 57
Stimulatie van neurale activiteit ................................................................................................... 59
Neuro-chemische methoden............................................................................................................. 61
Het vinden van neuronen die bepaalde neurochemicaliën produceren ...................................... 61
Lokaliseren van bepaalde receptoren ........................................................................................... 61
Het meten van chemicaliën die in de hersenen worden uitgescheiden ....................................... 62
Genetische methoden ....................................................................................................................... 62
Twin studies................................................................................................................................... 62
Adoptie studies.............................................................................................................................. 63
Genomische studies ...................................................................................................................... 63
Targeted mutations ....................................................................................................................... 63
Antisense oligonucleotides............................................................................................................ 63
Tutorial 4. Moving ................................................................................................................................. 64
Skeletspieren ..................................................................................................................................... 64
Anatomie ....................................................................................................................................... 64
De fysieke basis van spiercontractie ............................................................................................. 65
Sensorische feedback van spieren ................................................................................................ 66
Controle van beweging door het ruggenmerg .................................................................................. 66
het monosynaptische strekreflex .................................................................................................. 66
Het gamma motor systeem ........................................................................................................... 67
Polysynaptic reflexes ..................................................................................................................... 68
Controle van bewegingen door het brein ......................................................................................... 69
Corticale structuren ....................................................................................................................... 69
Supplementaire motor area en de premotor cortex .................................................................... 69
Corticale controle van beweging: dalende paden......................................................................... 70
Plannen en initiëren van bewegingen: rol van de motorische associatiecortex............................... 73
Subcorticale structuren ................................................................................................................. 74
2
, Complex motorisch gedrag ............................................................................................................... 77
Bewegingen nabootsen en begrijpen: rol van het spiegelneuronsysteem ................................... 77
Controle van reiken en grijpen: rol van de pariëtale cortex ......................................................... 78
Tekorten aan bekwame bewegingen: de apraxias ............................................................................ 79
Limb apraxia .................................................................................................................................. 79
Constructional apraxia................................................................................................................... 79
Tutorial 5. Sleep and biological rhythms ............................................................................................... 80
Wat is slaap?...................................................................................................................................... 80
Fasen van slaap.............................................................................................................................. 80
Hersenactiviteit tijdens de slaap ................................................................................................... 81
Waarom slapen we? .......................................................................................................................... 82
Functies van ‘’slow-wave’’ slaap ................................................................................................... 82
Functies van REM slaap ................................................................................................................. 82
Fysiologische mechanismen van slaap en waken ............................................................................. 82
Neurale controle van slaap............................................................................................................ 82
Neurale controle van arousal ........................................................................................................ 82
Neurale controle van slaap/waak transities.................................................................................. 85
Slaapstoornissen................................................................................................................................ 86
Insomnia ........................................................................................................................................ 86
Narcolepsie .................................................................................................................................... 86
REM slaap stoornissen................................................................................................................... 87
Problemen gerelateerd aan slow-wave slaap ............................................................................... 87
Biologische klokken ........................................................................................................................... 87
Tutorial 6. Honger, eten en gezondheid................................................................................................ 88
Spijsvertering, energieopslag en energieverbruik............................................................................. 88
Spijsvertering en energieopslag in het lichaam ............................................................................ 88
Drie fasen van energiemetabolisme.............................................................................................. 89
Theorieën over honger en eten: setpoints versus positieve prikkels ............................................... 90
Set-point assumption .................................................................................................................... 90
Positieve prikkels perspectief ........................................................................................................ 90
Factoren die bepalen wat, wanneer en hoeveel we eten ................................................................. 90
Wat we eten .................................................................................................................................. 90
Wanneer we eten .......................................................................................................................... 91
Hoeveel we eten............................................................................................................................ 91
Fysiologisch onderzoek naar honger en satiety ................................................................................ 91
Rol van bloedglucosespiegel op honger en satiety ....................................................................... 91
3
LICHAAM EN GEDRAG
Body and Behaviour PSY1023
RIK LAVICKA
, Inhoud
Tutorial 1. Brain structure ....................................................................................................................... 5
Doorsnedes in het brein ...................................................................................................................... 5
Richtingen in het brein ........................................................................................................................ 5
Ontwikkeling van het brein ................................................................................................................. 7
Zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Meninges ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Het ventrikelsysteem en de productie van cerebrospinale vloeistof ........................................... 10
Het centrale zenuwstelsel ............................................................................................................. 12
Perifere zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................................... 21
Tutorial 2. Structure of the nerve cell ................................................................................................... 24
Neuronen........................................................................................................................................... 24
Supporting cells ................................................................................................................................. 27
The blood-drain barrier ..................................................................................................................... 28
Neurale communicatie ...................................................................................................................... 29
Meten van elektrische potentialen van axonen ................................................................................ 29
Het membraan potentiaal ................................................................................................................. 30
Het actiepotentiaal ............................................................................................................................ 31
Geleiding van het actiepotentiaal ..................................................................................................... 35
Task 3. Communication between neurons & neurotransmitters in the psychopharmacology ............ 36
Communicatie tussen neuronen ....................................................................................................... 36
Vrijlaten van neurotransmitters .................................................................................................... 37
Activatie van receptoren ................................................................................................................... 38
Postsynaptic potentials ..................................................................................................................... 39
Beëindiging van postsynaptische potentialen................................................................................... 40
Effecten van postsynaptische potentialen; neurale integratie ......................................................... 40
Autoreceptoren ................................................................................................................................. 41
Andere soorten synapsen.................................................................................................................. 41
Andere vormen van chemische communicatie ................................................................................. 41
Neurotransmitters ............................................................................................................................. 42
Amino ACID neurotransmitters ..................................................................................................... 42
Monoamineneurotransmitters ..................................................................................................... 42
Acetylcholine ................................................................................................................................. 43
Unconventional neurotransmitters ............................................................................................... 43
Neuropeptides ............................................................................................................................... 43
Farmacologie van synaptische transmissie en gedrag ...................................................................... 46
1
,Task 4. neuroscientific methods............................................................................................................ 48
Experimental ablation ....................................................................................................................... 48
Produceren van een lesion in het brein ........................................................................................ 48
Stereotaxic surgery ........................................................................................................................ 48
Histologische methoden.................................................................................................................... 49
Traceren van neurale verbindingen .............................................................................................. 52
Structuren van het levende brein bestuderen .................................................................................. 53
Neurale activiteit registreren en stimuleren ..................................................................................... 56
Registreren van neurale activiteit ................................................................................................. 56
Registreren van metabolische en synaptische activiteiten in het brein ....................................... 57
Stimulatie van neurale activiteit ................................................................................................... 59
Neuro-chemische methoden............................................................................................................. 61
Het vinden van neuronen die bepaalde neurochemicaliën produceren ...................................... 61
Lokaliseren van bepaalde receptoren ........................................................................................... 61
Het meten van chemicaliën die in de hersenen worden uitgescheiden ....................................... 62
Genetische methoden ....................................................................................................................... 62
Twin studies................................................................................................................................... 62
Adoptie studies.............................................................................................................................. 63
Genomische studies ...................................................................................................................... 63
Targeted mutations ....................................................................................................................... 63
Antisense oligonucleotides............................................................................................................ 63
Tutorial 4. Moving ................................................................................................................................. 64
Skeletspieren ..................................................................................................................................... 64
Anatomie ....................................................................................................................................... 64
De fysieke basis van spiercontractie ............................................................................................. 65
Sensorische feedback van spieren ................................................................................................ 66
Controle van beweging door het ruggenmerg .................................................................................. 66
het monosynaptische strekreflex .................................................................................................. 66
Het gamma motor systeem ........................................................................................................... 67
Polysynaptic reflexes ..................................................................................................................... 68
Controle van bewegingen door het brein ......................................................................................... 69
Corticale structuren ....................................................................................................................... 69
Supplementaire motor area en de premotor cortex .................................................................... 69
Corticale controle van beweging: dalende paden......................................................................... 70
Plannen en initiëren van bewegingen: rol van de motorische associatiecortex............................... 73
Subcorticale structuren ................................................................................................................. 74
2
, Complex motorisch gedrag ............................................................................................................... 77
Bewegingen nabootsen en begrijpen: rol van het spiegelneuronsysteem ................................... 77
Controle van reiken en grijpen: rol van de pariëtale cortex ......................................................... 78
Tekorten aan bekwame bewegingen: de apraxias ............................................................................ 79
Limb apraxia .................................................................................................................................. 79
Constructional apraxia................................................................................................................... 79
Tutorial 5. Sleep and biological rhythms ............................................................................................... 80
Wat is slaap?...................................................................................................................................... 80
Fasen van slaap.............................................................................................................................. 80
Hersenactiviteit tijdens de slaap ................................................................................................... 81
Waarom slapen we? .......................................................................................................................... 82
Functies van ‘’slow-wave’’ slaap ................................................................................................... 82
Functies van REM slaap ................................................................................................................. 82
Fysiologische mechanismen van slaap en waken ............................................................................. 82
Neurale controle van slaap............................................................................................................ 82
Neurale controle van arousal ........................................................................................................ 82
Neurale controle van slaap/waak transities.................................................................................. 85
Slaapstoornissen................................................................................................................................ 86
Insomnia ........................................................................................................................................ 86
Narcolepsie .................................................................................................................................... 86
REM slaap stoornissen................................................................................................................... 87
Problemen gerelateerd aan slow-wave slaap ............................................................................... 87
Biologische klokken ........................................................................................................................... 87
Tutorial 6. Honger, eten en gezondheid................................................................................................ 88
Spijsvertering, energieopslag en energieverbruik............................................................................. 88
Spijsvertering en energieopslag in het lichaam ............................................................................ 88
Drie fasen van energiemetabolisme.............................................................................................. 89
Theorieën over honger en eten: setpoints versus positieve prikkels ............................................... 90
Set-point assumption .................................................................................................................... 90
Positieve prikkels perspectief ........................................................................................................ 90
Factoren die bepalen wat, wanneer en hoeveel we eten ................................................................. 90
Wat we eten .................................................................................................................................. 90
Wanneer we eten .......................................................................................................................... 91
Hoeveel we eten............................................................................................................................ 91
Fysiologisch onderzoek naar honger en satiety ................................................................................ 91
Rol van bloedglucosespiegel op honger en satiety ....................................................................... 91
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