Bio 200 exam 4
Differentiation - answer The process by which cells take on different specialized roles.
all fates possible (stem cell) -> mitosis -> signal -> construction -> role determination
(different gene expression)
cell-cell signaling causes different sets of transcription cfactors to be produced in
carious cells throughout the embryo resulting in differential gene expression and
differentiation.
do differentiated cells have the same DNA? - answer yes (they are different because of
differences in gene expression) [there might also be some mutations that make them
slightly different]
zygote - answerfertilized egg
has all possible DNA, not all genes are being expressed
zygotic mitosis - answerdifferent genes turn on and off
axis oriented (can go in different directions)
different sized cells can be made
goes from a 2D to 3D structure
not all cells are going through mitosis all the time
when a cell releases a signal... - answerDifferent cells might have or not have the
receptor
for this signal.
More of this signal will go to nearby cells, and less of this signal will make it to cells
farther away.
Hox genes - answerhelp make the final structure, transcription factor, turns on big
pieces of the body plan.
helps a cell in a certain area become the right type of cell. A cell in your eye becomes
an eye cell. You don't want leg genes turning on in your eye
similarities between species
, organogenesis - answerorgans are formed and connected to other organs. when a stem
cell divides, one daughter cell stays a stem cell and one differentiates
cells divide, move, differentiate, and assemble into tissues and organs using
instructions from the genetic code int eh genome and signals from other cells
mesodermal cells form the notochord a after gastrulation
singals form notochord cause ectoderm to foldand form the neural tube
neural tube runs along the spine and gives rise to the brain
mesodermal cells near notochord are organized into somites which give rise to muscle
and skin and skeleton. somite cells break away in groups and migrate to their final
locations.
many cells in the notochord undergo apoptosis
apoptosis - answerprogrammed cell death for: damaged cells, forming shapes, and
infected cells
caspase destroys many proteins in the cell, and eventually the cytoskeleton
ETC is disrupted when cyt c is removed from the mitochondria
cell turns into a bunch of vesicles that go to other cells for recycling
positive feedback of caspase (caspase activates caspase)
specific molecular interactions between immune cells
lipid soluble signals - answereasily diffuse through membranes
no transport proteins are needed
will go into all cells (not specific)
molecules must be made of lipid soluble materials (limits constructural diversity)
receptors in cell's cytosol pick up the signal, move into the nucleus and attach to DNA in
order to change gene expression
membrane signal receptors - answerbind to intercellular protein and change the
shape/function of the protein.
Differentiation - answer The process by which cells take on different specialized roles.
all fates possible (stem cell) -> mitosis -> signal -> construction -> role determination
(different gene expression)
cell-cell signaling causes different sets of transcription cfactors to be produced in
carious cells throughout the embryo resulting in differential gene expression and
differentiation.
do differentiated cells have the same DNA? - answer yes (they are different because of
differences in gene expression) [there might also be some mutations that make them
slightly different]
zygote - answerfertilized egg
has all possible DNA, not all genes are being expressed
zygotic mitosis - answerdifferent genes turn on and off
axis oriented (can go in different directions)
different sized cells can be made
goes from a 2D to 3D structure
not all cells are going through mitosis all the time
when a cell releases a signal... - answerDifferent cells might have or not have the
receptor
for this signal.
More of this signal will go to nearby cells, and less of this signal will make it to cells
farther away.
Hox genes - answerhelp make the final structure, transcription factor, turns on big
pieces of the body plan.
helps a cell in a certain area become the right type of cell. A cell in your eye becomes
an eye cell. You don't want leg genes turning on in your eye
similarities between species
, organogenesis - answerorgans are formed and connected to other organs. when a stem
cell divides, one daughter cell stays a stem cell and one differentiates
cells divide, move, differentiate, and assemble into tissues and organs using
instructions from the genetic code int eh genome and signals from other cells
mesodermal cells form the notochord a after gastrulation
singals form notochord cause ectoderm to foldand form the neural tube
neural tube runs along the spine and gives rise to the brain
mesodermal cells near notochord are organized into somites which give rise to muscle
and skin and skeleton. somite cells break away in groups and migrate to their final
locations.
many cells in the notochord undergo apoptosis
apoptosis - answerprogrammed cell death for: damaged cells, forming shapes, and
infected cells
caspase destroys many proteins in the cell, and eventually the cytoskeleton
ETC is disrupted when cyt c is removed from the mitochondria
cell turns into a bunch of vesicles that go to other cells for recycling
positive feedback of caspase (caspase activates caspase)
specific molecular interactions between immune cells
lipid soluble signals - answereasily diffuse through membranes
no transport proteins are needed
will go into all cells (not specific)
molecules must be made of lipid soluble materials (limits constructural diversity)
receptors in cell's cytosol pick up the signal, move into the nucleus and attach to DNA in
order to change gene expression
membrane signal receptors - answerbind to intercellular protein and change the
shape/function of the protein.
