, Contents
Preface / xiii
Chapter 1
General Overview / 1
Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics / 5
2.1 Introduction / 5 2.9 Case Study 1: Effects of Lead Exposure on
Neurological and Psychological Function in
2.2 Measures of Location / 6
Children / 32
2.3 Some Properties of the Arithmetic
2.10 Case Study 2: Effects of Tobacco Use
Mean / 14
on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged
2.4 Measures of Spread / 16 Women / 32
2.5 Some Properties of the Variance 2.11 Obtaining Descriptive Statistics
and Standard Deviation / 20 on the Computer / 35
2.6 The Coefficient of Variation / 22 2.12 Summary / 35
2.7 Grouped Data / 24 Problems / 35
2.8 Graphic Methods / 27
vii
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
,viii Contents
Chapter 3
Probability / 42
3.1 Introduction / 42 3.7 Bayes’ Rule and Screening Tests / 55
3.2 Definition of Probability / 43 3.8 Bayesian Inference / 60
3.3 Some Useful Probabilistic Notation / 44 3.9 ROC Curves / 61
3.4 The Multiplication Law of Probability / 46 3.10 Prevalence and Incidence / 63
3.5 The Addition Law of Probability / 48 3.11 Summary / 64
3.6 Conditional Probability / 50 Problems / 65
Chapter 4
Discrete Probability Distributions / 77
4.1 Introduction / 77 4.8 The Binomial Distribution / 90
4.2 Random Variables / 78 4.9 Expected Value and Variance
of the Binomial Distribution / 96
4.3 The Probability-Mass Function for
a Discrete Random Variable / 79 4.10 The Poisson Distribution / 98
4.4 The Expected Value of a Discrete 4.11 Computation of Poisson Probabilities / 101
Random Variable / 81
4.12 Expected Value and Variance
4.5 The Variance of a Discrete of the Poisson Distribution / 102
Random Variable / 82
4.13 Poisson Approximation to the
4.6 The Cumulative-Distribution Function Binomial Distribution / 104
of a Discrete Random Variable / 84
4.14 Summary / 106
4.7 Permutations and Combinations / 85
Problems / 107
Chapter 5
Continuous Probability Distributions / 115
5.1 Introduction / 115 5.6 Linear Combinations of Random
Variables / 132
5.2 General Concepts / 115
5.7 Normal Approximation to the Binomial
5.3 The Normal Distribution / 118
Distribution / 133
5.4 Properties of the Standard Normal
5.8 Normal Approximation to the Poisson
Distribution / 121
Distribution / 139
5.5 Conversion from an N ( μ,σ2) Distribution
5.9 Summary / 141
to an N (0,1) Distribution / 127
Problems / 142
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, Contents ix
Chapter 6
Estimation / 154
6.1 Introduction / 154 6.7 Estimation of the Variance of a
Distribution / 181
6.2 The Relationship Between Population
and Sample / 155 6.8 Estimation for the Binomial Distribution / 187
6.3 Random-Number Tables / 157 6.9 Estimation for the Poisson Distribution / 193
6.4 Randomized Clinical Trials / 161 6.10 One-Sided Confidence Intervals / 197
6.5 Estimation of the Mean of a Distribution / 165 6.11 The Bootstrap / 199
6.6 Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on 6.12 Summary / 202
Bone-Mineral Density (BMD) in Middle-Aged
Problems / 203
Women / 180
Chapter 7
Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Inference / 211
7.1 Introduction / 211 7.8 One-Sample χ2 Test for the Variance
of a Normal Distribution / 245
7.2 General Concepts / 211
7.9 One-Sample Inference for the Binomial
7.3 One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal
Distribution / 249
Distribution: One-Sided Alternatives / 214
7.10 One-Sample Inference for the Poisson
7.4 One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal
Distribution / 259
Distribution: Two-Sided Alternatives / 222
7.11 Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-
7.5 The Relationship Between Hypothesis
Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women / 265
Testing and Confidence Intervals / 229
7.12 Derivation of Selected Formulas / 265
7.6 The Power of a Test / 232
7.13 Summary / 267
7.7 Sample-Size Determination / 239
Problems / 269
Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Inference / 279
8.1 Introduction / 279 8.5 Interval Estimation for the Comparison of
Means from Two Independent Samples
8.2 The Paired t Test / 281
(Equal Variance Case) / 290
8.3 Interval Estimation for the Comparison of
8.6 Testing for the Equality of Two Variances / 292
Means from Two Paired Samples / 285
8.7 Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples
8.4 Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples
with Unequal Variances / 298
with Equal Variances / 286
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface / xiii
Chapter 1
General Overview / 1
Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics / 5
2.1 Introduction / 5 2.9 Case Study 1: Effects of Lead Exposure on
Neurological and Psychological Function in
2.2 Measures of Location / 6
Children / 32
2.3 Some Properties of the Arithmetic
2.10 Case Study 2: Effects of Tobacco Use
Mean / 14
on Bone-Mineral Density in Middle-Aged
2.4 Measures of Spread / 16 Women / 32
2.5 Some Properties of the Variance 2.11 Obtaining Descriptive Statistics
and Standard Deviation / 20 on the Computer / 35
2.6 The Coefficient of Variation / 22 2.12 Summary / 35
2.7 Grouped Data / 24 Problems / 35
2.8 Graphic Methods / 27
vii
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
,viii Contents
Chapter 3
Probability / 42
3.1 Introduction / 42 3.7 Bayes’ Rule and Screening Tests / 55
3.2 Definition of Probability / 43 3.8 Bayesian Inference / 60
3.3 Some Useful Probabilistic Notation / 44 3.9 ROC Curves / 61
3.4 The Multiplication Law of Probability / 46 3.10 Prevalence and Incidence / 63
3.5 The Addition Law of Probability / 48 3.11 Summary / 64
3.6 Conditional Probability / 50 Problems / 65
Chapter 4
Discrete Probability Distributions / 77
4.1 Introduction / 77 4.8 The Binomial Distribution / 90
4.2 Random Variables / 78 4.9 Expected Value and Variance
of the Binomial Distribution / 96
4.3 The Probability-Mass Function for
a Discrete Random Variable / 79 4.10 The Poisson Distribution / 98
4.4 The Expected Value of a Discrete 4.11 Computation of Poisson Probabilities / 101
Random Variable / 81
4.12 Expected Value and Variance
4.5 The Variance of a Discrete of the Poisson Distribution / 102
Random Variable / 82
4.13 Poisson Approximation to the
4.6 The Cumulative-Distribution Function Binomial Distribution / 104
of a Discrete Random Variable / 84
4.14 Summary / 106
4.7 Permutations and Combinations / 85
Problems / 107
Chapter 5
Continuous Probability Distributions / 115
5.1 Introduction / 115 5.6 Linear Combinations of Random
Variables / 132
5.2 General Concepts / 115
5.7 Normal Approximation to the Binomial
5.3 The Normal Distribution / 118
Distribution / 133
5.4 Properties of the Standard Normal
5.8 Normal Approximation to the Poisson
Distribution / 121
Distribution / 139
5.5 Conversion from an N ( μ,σ2) Distribution
5.9 Summary / 141
to an N (0,1) Distribution / 127
Problems / 142
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
, Contents ix
Chapter 6
Estimation / 154
6.1 Introduction / 154 6.7 Estimation of the Variance of a
Distribution / 181
6.2 The Relationship Between Population
and Sample / 155 6.8 Estimation for the Binomial Distribution / 187
6.3 Random-Number Tables / 157 6.9 Estimation for the Poisson Distribution / 193
6.4 Randomized Clinical Trials / 161 6.10 One-Sided Confidence Intervals / 197
6.5 Estimation of the Mean of a Distribution / 165 6.11 The Bootstrap / 199
6.6 Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on 6.12 Summary / 202
Bone-Mineral Density (BMD) in Middle-Aged
Problems / 203
Women / 180
Chapter 7
Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Inference / 211
7.1 Introduction / 211 7.8 One-Sample χ2 Test for the Variance
of a Normal Distribution / 245
7.2 General Concepts / 211
7.9 One-Sample Inference for the Binomial
7.3 One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal
Distribution / 249
Distribution: One-Sided Alternatives / 214
7.10 One-Sample Inference for the Poisson
7.4 One-Sample Test for the Mean of a Normal
Distribution / 259
Distribution: Two-Sided Alternatives / 222
7.11 Case Study: Effects of Tobacco Use on Bone-
7.5 The Relationship Between Hypothesis
Mineral Density in Middle-Aged Women / 265
Testing and Confidence Intervals / 229
7.12 Derivation of Selected Formulas / 265
7.6 The Power of a Test / 232
7.13 Summary / 267
7.7 Sample-Size Determination / 239
Problems / 269
Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Inference / 279
8.1 Introduction / 279 8.5 Interval Estimation for the Comparison of
Means from Two Independent Samples
8.2 The Paired t Test / 281
(Equal Variance Case) / 290
8.3 Interval Estimation for the Comparison of
8.6 Testing for the Equality of Two Variances / 292
Means from Two Paired Samples / 285
8.7 Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples
8.4 Two-Sample t Test for Independent Samples
with Unequal Variances / 298
with Equal Variances / 286
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
