1
NUR 641E FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE -2025/2026- 100+
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL THE BEST
route of administration with the highest bioavailability
intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption.
avoids first-pass metabolism
Intravenous route
administration has variable and erratic absorption. n
Rectal administration
4. Steady state (SS)
absorption. n is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of drug.
Half-life of a drug is
how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the body. Determines how
frequently the drug must be administered. Predicts how long toxic effects can
last.is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug.
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics
means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
CYP3A4 substrate drugs
may have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it.
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA:
Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug. Preclinical research with
animal testing for safety (Phase I). Clinical research on human subjects for
medication safety (Phase II). Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug
to accepted medications placebo depending on the study (Phase III). FDA review
, 2
of the results to determine approval. Post marketing study to identify adverse
effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV)
Pharmacokinetics involves
absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination).
Absorption:
absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the
blood/plasma.
Distribution:
reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular
Metabolism:
biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
Elimination:
tissues. lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body.
2. Medication safety organizations
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
The Joint Commission The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error
Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe
Use Initiative
Two basic type of ADRS:
pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRS
are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable,
, 3
frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication
errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRS are not commonly reported;
the FDA does not mandate that ADRS be reported.
Polypharmacy
involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple medications,
and using several pharmacies prescription filling.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS):
lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril.
ACEIS reduce blood pressure enzyme.
by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Important side effects of ACE inhibitors
Important include cough and angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if angioedema
occurs.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBS):
Icandesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan
(Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
ARBS reduce blood pressure
by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
Essential (primary) hypertension
Essential (primary) accounts for 90% of cases; secondary hypertension may
caused by chronic renal failure.
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin is a nitrate drug that can be administered IV, SL, a topical ointment
and as a transdermal patch.
NUR 641E FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE -2025/2026- 100+
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALL THE BEST
route of administration with the highest bioavailability
intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption.
avoids first-pass metabolism
Intravenous route
administration has variable and erratic absorption. n
Rectal administration
4. Steady state (SS)
absorption. n is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of drug.
Half-life of a drug is
how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the body. Determines how
frequently the drug must be administered. Predicts how long toxic effects can
last.is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug.
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics
means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
CYP3A4 substrate drugs
may have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it.
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA:
Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug. Preclinical research with
animal testing for safety (Phase I). Clinical research on human subjects for
medication safety (Phase II). Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug
to accepted medications placebo depending on the study (Phase III). FDA review
, 2
of the results to determine approval. Post marketing study to identify adverse
effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV)
Pharmacokinetics involves
absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination).
Absorption:
absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the
blood/plasma.
Distribution:
reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular
Metabolism:
biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
Elimination:
tissues. lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body.
2. Medication safety organizations
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
The Joint Commission The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error
Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe
Use Initiative
Two basic type of ADRS:
pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRS
are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable,
, 3
frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication
errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRS are not commonly reported;
the FDA does not mandate that ADRS be reported.
Polypharmacy
involves using multiple health care providers for care, using multiple medications,
and using several pharmacies prescription filling.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS):
lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril.
ACEIS reduce blood pressure enzyme.
by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Important side effects of ACE inhibitors
Important include cough and angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if angioedema
occurs.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBS):
Icandesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan
(Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
ARBS reduce blood pressure
by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
Essential (primary) hypertension
Essential (primary) accounts for 90% of cases; secondary hypertension may
caused by chronic renal failure.
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin is a nitrate drug that can be administered IV, SL, a topical ointment
and as a transdermal patch.
