Bio 200 Vocab
ATP Synthase - answerLarge multi-subunit protein, Membrane-Associated enzyme
complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during
oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis. As protons flow through the complex, it
acts like a propeller - mechanical deformation is converted into the chemical bond
energy of ATP. The stationary head is called F1 ATPase, and the rotating portion is
called F0 ATPase
carbon fixation - answerprocess by which green plants and other photosynthetic
organisms incorporate carbon atoms from atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars. The
second stage of photosynthesis. 1 cycle = input of 3CO2, 6 NADPH, 9 ATP to make an
output of 1 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Also called "dark reactions" because can
happen without energy from sunlight.
cell respiration - answerprocess in which cells harvest the energy stored in food
molecules; usually accompanied by the uptake of O2 and the release of CO2 (like what
happens in mitochondria: oxidative phosphorylation (consumption of O2 + citric acid
cycle (production of CO2)
chemiosmotic coupling - answerMechanism that uses the energy stored in a
transmembrane proton gradient to drive an energy requiring process, such as the
synthesis of ATP or the transport of a molecule across a membrane. Links the chemical
bond-forming reactions that synthesize ATP with the membrane transport processes
that pump protons.
chlorophyll - answerlight-absorbing green pigment that plays a central part in
photosynthesis. Located in photosystems, and capture and light. The light jumps around
from chlorophyll to chlorophyll in the antenna complexes and then raises the energy of
the electrons in the special pair in the photosystem reaction center.
chloroplast - answerspecialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll
and serves as the site in which
photosynthesis takes place. Starts out at Proplastid then etioplastid then when light
happens, it starts to develop grana to become a chloroplast.
electron-transport chain - answerA series of membrane-embedded electron carrier
molecules that facilitate the movement of electrons
from a higher to a lower energy level, as in oxidative
phosphorylation and photosynthesis. As electrons move through the chain the redox
potentially and electron affinity increase - energetically favorable movement.
,matrix - answerlarge internal compartment within a mitochondrion. Contains highly
concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes (including those required for the oxidation
of pyruvate and fatty acids and for the citric acid cycle.
Where the DNA of the mitochondria is, and therefore where the mitochondria undergoes
division, transcription, and translation.
mitochondrion - answermembrane-enclosed organelle that carries out oxidative
phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.
oxidative phosphorylation - answerProcess in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP
formation is driven by the transfer of electrons from
food molecules to molecular oxygen.
photosynthesis - answerThe process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria
use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of
organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
cristae - answerfoldings on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Serve to increase
surface area of membrane to allow more ATP production (which occurs across inner
mitochondrial membrane between matrix and inter membrane space)
porin - answerLarge complexes on the outer membrane of the mitochondria that make
the outer membrane permeable. The geometry of porin defines what is able to
permeate and what is not. Molecules of 5000 daltons or less can get through.
Therefore, large proteins cannot move through portal, but small molecules (ATP, ADP,
small ions) can move very easily through openings.
Pink 1 protein - answera protein kinase, which is an Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer
of a phosphate group from ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein.
Pink 1 protein is normally taken up by active mitochondria and degraded. When
mitochondrial membrane potential begins to drop (indicator that organelle not
functioning properly), import of pink 1 slows down. This allows pink 1 to fold on the
surface of the mitochondria, and it gets anchored to the outer membrane of the
mitochondria. Pink 1 accumulation serves as a signal, and recruits Parkin enzyme. The
parkin enzyme recruits ubiquitin, which marks the mitochondrion for degradation in the
lysosome. Called "Parkin-induced mitophagy".
Parkin enzyme - answerRecruited by Pink 1 protein when it accumulates on the surface
of the mitochondria. The Parkin enzyme marks mitochondria with ubiquitin, which
directs delivery into lysosome. Leads to "parkie-induced mitophagy."
glycolysis - answerseries of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which sugars are partially
degraded and their energy captured by the activated carries ATP and NADH ("sugar
splitting"). Happens in the cytosol and creates pyruvate that is imported into the
mitochondria to make the intermediate acetyl coa, which is turned into active carriers in
the citric acid cycle.
, oxidation - answerremoval of electrons from an atom, as occurs during the addition of
oxygen to a carbon atom or when a hydrogen is removed from a carbon atom. (the
opposite is reduction).
ADP - answerNucleoside diphosphate produced by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate
of ATP
ATP - answerMolecule that serves as the principal carrier of energy in cells; this
nucleoside triphosphate is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
intermediate filaments - answerone of the three types of cytoskeleton filaments. Rope-
like fibers with diameter of about 10 nm. Made of intermediate filament proteins. One
type of intermediate filament forms a meshwork called the nuclear lamina just beneath
the inner nuclear membrane. Other
types extend across the cytoplasm, giving cells mechanical strength and distributing the
mechanical stresses in an epithelial tissue by spanning the cytoplasm from one cell-cell
junction to another. Intermediate filaments are very flexible and have great tensile
strength. They deform under stress but do not rupture.
microtubules - answerOne of the three types of cytoskeleton filaments. They are hollow
cylinders made of the protein tubulin. They are long and straight and typically have one
end attached to a single microtubule-organizing center called a centrosome. With an
outer diameter of 25 nm, microtubules are more rigid than actin filaments or
intermediate filaments, and they rupture when stretched. Mainly responsible for
transporting and positioning membrane-enclosed organelles within the cell and for
guiding the intracellular transport of various cytosolic macromolecules.
actin filaments - answerOne of the three types of cytoskeleton filaments. Built up of G-
actin monomers that come together to form F-actin (filamentous actin). Each filament
may be thought of as a two-stranded helix with a twist repeating every 37 nm. Actin
filaments are flexible structures, with a diameter of about 7 nm, that are organized into a
variety of linear
bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three-dimensional gels. Although actin
filaments are dispersed throughout the cell, they are most highly concentrated in the
cortex, the layer of cytoplasm just beneath the plasma membrane.
dynamic instability - answerthe behavior of growing microtubules when they switch back
and forth between polymerization (growing by adding ab-tubulin dimers to the + end)
and depolymerization (losing tubular dimers from its free plus end). Allows microtubules
to undergo rapid remolding, and is crucial fro their function. Controlled by GTP
hydrolysis.
motor proteins - answerproteins that use energy derived from repeated cycles of ATP
hydrolysis to travel steadily along microtubules or actin filaments in a single direction.
ATP Synthase - answerLarge multi-subunit protein, Membrane-Associated enzyme
complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during
oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis. As protons flow through the complex, it
acts like a propeller - mechanical deformation is converted into the chemical bond
energy of ATP. The stationary head is called F1 ATPase, and the rotating portion is
called F0 ATPase
carbon fixation - answerprocess by which green plants and other photosynthetic
organisms incorporate carbon atoms from atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars. The
second stage of photosynthesis. 1 cycle = input of 3CO2, 6 NADPH, 9 ATP to make an
output of 1 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Also called "dark reactions" because can
happen without energy from sunlight.
cell respiration - answerprocess in which cells harvest the energy stored in food
molecules; usually accompanied by the uptake of O2 and the release of CO2 (like what
happens in mitochondria: oxidative phosphorylation (consumption of O2 + citric acid
cycle (production of CO2)
chemiosmotic coupling - answerMechanism that uses the energy stored in a
transmembrane proton gradient to drive an energy requiring process, such as the
synthesis of ATP or the transport of a molecule across a membrane. Links the chemical
bond-forming reactions that synthesize ATP with the membrane transport processes
that pump protons.
chlorophyll - answerlight-absorbing green pigment that plays a central part in
photosynthesis. Located in photosystems, and capture and light. The light jumps around
from chlorophyll to chlorophyll in the antenna complexes and then raises the energy of
the electrons in the special pair in the photosystem reaction center.
chloroplast - answerspecialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll
and serves as the site in which
photosynthesis takes place. Starts out at Proplastid then etioplastid then when light
happens, it starts to develop grana to become a chloroplast.
electron-transport chain - answerA series of membrane-embedded electron carrier
molecules that facilitate the movement of electrons
from a higher to a lower energy level, as in oxidative
phosphorylation and photosynthesis. As electrons move through the chain the redox
potentially and electron affinity increase - energetically favorable movement.
,matrix - answerlarge internal compartment within a mitochondrion. Contains highly
concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes (including those required for the oxidation
of pyruvate and fatty acids and for the citric acid cycle.
Where the DNA of the mitochondria is, and therefore where the mitochondria undergoes
division, transcription, and translation.
mitochondrion - answermembrane-enclosed organelle that carries out oxidative
phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.
oxidative phosphorylation - answerProcess in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP
formation is driven by the transfer of electrons from
food molecules to molecular oxygen.
photosynthesis - answerThe process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria
use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of
organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
cristae - answerfoldings on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Serve to increase
surface area of membrane to allow more ATP production (which occurs across inner
mitochondrial membrane between matrix and inter membrane space)
porin - answerLarge complexes on the outer membrane of the mitochondria that make
the outer membrane permeable. The geometry of porin defines what is able to
permeate and what is not. Molecules of 5000 daltons or less can get through.
Therefore, large proteins cannot move through portal, but small molecules (ATP, ADP,
small ions) can move very easily through openings.
Pink 1 protein - answera protein kinase, which is an Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer
of a phosphate group from ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein.
Pink 1 protein is normally taken up by active mitochondria and degraded. When
mitochondrial membrane potential begins to drop (indicator that organelle not
functioning properly), import of pink 1 slows down. This allows pink 1 to fold on the
surface of the mitochondria, and it gets anchored to the outer membrane of the
mitochondria. Pink 1 accumulation serves as a signal, and recruits Parkin enzyme. The
parkin enzyme recruits ubiquitin, which marks the mitochondrion for degradation in the
lysosome. Called "Parkin-induced mitophagy".
Parkin enzyme - answerRecruited by Pink 1 protein when it accumulates on the surface
of the mitochondria. The Parkin enzyme marks mitochondria with ubiquitin, which
directs delivery into lysosome. Leads to "parkie-induced mitophagy."
glycolysis - answerseries of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which sugars are partially
degraded and their energy captured by the activated carries ATP and NADH ("sugar
splitting"). Happens in the cytosol and creates pyruvate that is imported into the
mitochondria to make the intermediate acetyl coa, which is turned into active carriers in
the citric acid cycle.
, oxidation - answerremoval of electrons from an atom, as occurs during the addition of
oxygen to a carbon atom or when a hydrogen is removed from a carbon atom. (the
opposite is reduction).
ADP - answerNucleoside diphosphate produced by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate
of ATP
ATP - answerMolecule that serves as the principal carrier of energy in cells; this
nucleoside triphosphate is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
intermediate filaments - answerone of the three types of cytoskeleton filaments. Rope-
like fibers with diameter of about 10 nm. Made of intermediate filament proteins. One
type of intermediate filament forms a meshwork called the nuclear lamina just beneath
the inner nuclear membrane. Other
types extend across the cytoplasm, giving cells mechanical strength and distributing the
mechanical stresses in an epithelial tissue by spanning the cytoplasm from one cell-cell
junction to another. Intermediate filaments are very flexible and have great tensile
strength. They deform under stress but do not rupture.
microtubules - answerOne of the three types of cytoskeleton filaments. They are hollow
cylinders made of the protein tubulin. They are long and straight and typically have one
end attached to a single microtubule-organizing center called a centrosome. With an
outer diameter of 25 nm, microtubules are more rigid than actin filaments or
intermediate filaments, and they rupture when stretched. Mainly responsible for
transporting and positioning membrane-enclosed organelles within the cell and for
guiding the intracellular transport of various cytosolic macromolecules.
actin filaments - answerOne of the three types of cytoskeleton filaments. Built up of G-
actin monomers that come together to form F-actin (filamentous actin). Each filament
may be thought of as a two-stranded helix with a twist repeating every 37 nm. Actin
filaments are flexible structures, with a diameter of about 7 nm, that are organized into a
variety of linear
bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three-dimensional gels. Although actin
filaments are dispersed throughout the cell, they are most highly concentrated in the
cortex, the layer of cytoplasm just beneath the plasma membrane.
dynamic instability - answerthe behavior of growing microtubules when they switch back
and forth between polymerization (growing by adding ab-tubulin dimers to the + end)
and depolymerization (losing tubular dimers from its free plus end). Allows microtubules
to undergo rapid remolding, and is crucial fro their function. Controlled by GTP
hydrolysis.
motor proteins - answerproteins that use energy derived from repeated cycles of ATP
hydrolysis to travel steadily along microtubules or actin filaments in a single direction.
